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Evidence-Based Medicine on the Surgical Treatment of Urinary Stress Incontinence and Genital Prolapse
Published in Victor Gomel, Bruno van Herendael, Female Genital Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence, 2007
Hervé Fernandez, Renaud de Tayrac
To decrease recurrence rate, prosthetic reinforcement has been employed for anterior colporrhaphy. In a RCT, Sand et al. (37) treated 80 patients with absorbable mesh (Polyglactin 910) and 80 without. At 1-year follow-up, 43% of those in whom mesh was not used and 25% of those who had mesh had recurrent cystoceles. In another RCT, use of absorbable mesh was more effective than the standard anterior colporraphy alone (38).
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A useful extension of the matching law has been into the single-lever situation where the choice is assumed to be between the operant (that is, lever pressing for a food reinforcement) and all other activities in which the subject can engage. If a variable interval schedule is run with trials varying from rich to lean (for example VI 5 to VI 80 seconds) a curve results relating response rate to the rate of reinforcement obtained. The curve is hyperbolic, growing out of the origin to an ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOURAL MAXIMUM. The mathematics for curve fitting are identical to the those for enzyme kinetics or RECEPTOR BINDING. The theory presented by Heyman (one of Herrnstein's students) is that as reinforcement on the lever grows, so does affinity for the lever in the same way a drug is more likely to be associated with a receptor if the drug concentration increases. Dissociation in the drug case occurs when the drug comes off the receptor and in the operant case is produced by the attraction of all of the other reinforcers that can not be obtained while the subject is lever pressing. As with the RATE FREQUENCY CURVE, this method has been validated by a series of tests (such as giving various doses of any drugs that is an AGONIST or ANTAGONIST at DOPAMINE receptors, or making responding more difficult through weighted levers to produce characteristic curve shifts). Like the biochemical parallels and like the rate- frequency curve-shift method, this method uses a reinforcement density required to sustain half maximal responding as its reward measure, and is able to separate reward from motor effects and measure reward effects quantitatively.
Advances in AAC intervention: some contributions related to applied behavior analysis
Published in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 2021
Joe Reichle, Robert E. O’Neill, Susan S. Johnston
From a behavioral perspective, an important part of the interventionist's responsibility is to ensure that the new communicative form is more efficient from the perspective of both the recipient of intervention and their communicative partners. This perspective is supported by the matching law and research supporting the importance of addressing response efficiency; that is, when individuals have two or more different response forms that are functionally equivalent, they will select the response option that is perceived as most efficient in procuring or maintaining reinforcement. At a practical level, learners will exhibit the most efficient response option. Response efficiency is influenced by at least four variables that include (a) response effort, (b) rate of reinforcement, (c) immediacy of reinforcement, and (d) quality of reinforcement (see Johnston et al., 2004). Table 1 describes each parameter along with examples.
Communication intervention for individuals with Down syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2018
The NYSDOH Guidelines not only suggest a behavior analytic approach to intervention but characterized the interventions as relatively intense—a large number of opportunities presented rapidly during frequent session. Overall, interventions appear to be delivered at this sort of high intensity. Interventions in this review were delivered daily, with opportunities provided once every minute, on average. Given that the majority of interventions included within this review are behavior analytic, this is unsurprising. These interventions tend to involve multiple, teacher-led opportunities presented in close proximity with specific prompting procedures, high rates of reinforcement, and error correction procedures.
Exposure to uncertainty mediates the effects of traumatic brain injury on probabilistic decision-making in rats
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Cole Vonder Haar, Christopher M. O’Hearn, Catharine A. Winstanley
In order to expose rats to uncertainty prior to RGT training, lever-pressing behavior was shaped on a continuous reinforcement (FR-1) schedule. After acquisition of lever-pressing, rats were then exposed daily to concurrent random interval (RI) schedules with equal probabilities on each lever (RI-15–RI-25 s, adjusted to standardize individual rat press rates; see Table 1). Allocating roughly equal amounts of time to pressing on each lever would result in the highest rates of reinforcement, but individual reinforcers were highly unpredictable. This continued for 40 sessions.