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Handling Internal and External Biases:
Published in Christopher H. Schmid, Theo Stijnen, Ian R. White, Handbook of Meta-Analysis, 2020
Rebecca M. Turner, Nicky J. Welton, Hayley E. Jones, Jelena Savović
Dias et al. (2010) present bias-adjustment models in a network meta-analysis of 130 trials of fluoride therapies to prevent the development of caries in children (Figure 12.2).
The Savings Approach to Financing Long-Term Care in Singapore
Published in Iris Chi, Kalyani K. Mehta, Anna L. Howe, Long-Term Care in the 21st Century: Perspectives from Around the Asia-Pacific Rim, 2013
The present bias in funding to nursing homes is likely to increase, not so much due to policy promotion of this form of care but because of cost pressures underlying even controlled expansion of nursing homes. Capital grants to VWO homes increased by 18% from 1998 to 1999, when the total of S$53.5m was divided between $22.5m for capital projects and $31m for operating expenditure (Yong, 2000). These capital grants carry future commitments to operating costs that will have to be met by a mix of government funding, increased fund raising, and increased fees. Notwithstanding the commitment to support families in providing care for their elderly, there has been no comprehensive funding for community care services and long-term care in the recent past.
A qualitative exploration of health-related present bias among HIV-positive adults in Uganda
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Sarah MacCarthy, Alexandra Mendoza-Graf, Larissa Jennings Mayo-Wilson, Zachary Wagner, Uzaib Saya, Harriet Chemusto, Barbara Mukasa, Sebastian Linnemayr
Several individual (e.g., medication toxicity concerns), programmatic (e.g., scheduling conflicts) and structural (e.g., stigma, medical and transportation costs) barriers to ART adherence have been identified in the HIV literature (Adejumo et al., 2015; Ammon et al., 2018; Bikaako-Kajura et al., 2006; Hudelson & Cluver, 2015; MacCarthy et al., 2019; MacCarthy et al., 2018; Nabukeera-Barungi et al., 2007). There is growing evidence that decision-making biases studied by behavioral economics further contribute to a range of suboptimal behaviors (Bor & Thirumurthy, 2019; Linnemayr & Stecher, 2015; Thirumurthy et al., 2019). However, the role of behavioral economics in examining how personal biases influence adherence-related decision-making is less well studied in ART participants. Decision-making errors or behavioral “biases” as highlighted by behavioral economics (BE) are important to health because they may cause individuals to engage in harmful practices that are known to be unhealthy and for which they are highly motivated to avoid, such as smoking or overeating (Linnemayr & Thomas, 2016). One such BE bias is present bias, defined as a form of impatience in which individuals forgo long-term benefits from optimal decision-making in lieu of short-term considerations or suboptimal decisions they may later regret (Linnemayr, 2015; White & Dow, 2015). In the context of antiretroviral adherence, present bias may manifest in the form of skipping a medication dose to enjoy an alcoholic beverage or pausing medications to avoid being suspected of being HIV-positive by the family or a partner.