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A review of school-based studies on the effect of acute physical activity on cognitive function in children and young people
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Andy Daly-Smith, Jim McKenna, Greta Defeyter, Andrew Manley
While working memory is important, the role of long-term memory in storing information is equally important. This schematic knowledge is extensively used during language comprehension, for example, when a pupil attempts to follow instructions provided by physical education (PE) teachers. Although there are some similarities between episodic and semantic memory, it is generally accepted that they form separate memory systems, giving rise to speculation about specific physical activity effects. Recognition and recall are commonly used to assess episodic memory. Recognition memory is often tested by presenting a list of words or pictures and then later presenting the same stimuli alongside distractor items and simply asking participants if they have seen the item before. Typically, pictures are remembered better than words – the so-called ‘picture superiority effect’ (Defeyter, Russo, & McPartlin, 2009). There are three forms of recall memory test: serial recall, free recall and cued recall. Better understanding of the nuances of working and long-term memory and how physical activity plays a role in affecting these processes will be important for teachers preparing pupils for assessment and exams.
A new student-led digital drawing course: an initiative to bridge patient health literacy through medical illustrations
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2022
Rebecca L. Kellner, Alexandra Z. Agathis, James K. Moon, Suzanne Garfinkle, Jacob Appel, Brian A. Coakley
Drawings have always played a widespread role in communication (Childers & Houston, 1984; Keib et al., 2018; Levie, 1987; Trapani & Allen, 2017). In fact, the prominent ‘picture superiority effect’ theory in psychology and marketing explains why pictures aid in immediate and delayed recall tasks. The model proposes that there is a strong cognitive preference for picture-based learning and memory (Kearns, 2019). Pictures facilitate the development of a mental model by allowing the brain to break down a problem and subsequently understand each component (Sansgiry, 1997). While this theory is widespread and fundamental in current marketing and learning techniques, it can be expanded to medicine as well. Medical illustrations are an effective tool to communicate complex information to patients (Netter & Friedlaender, 2014). One study focussed on patient discharge instructions shows that when pictures are added to oral or written instructions, they improve patient attention, recall, and comprehension (Austin, Matlack∥‡, Dunn, Kesler, & Brown, 1995). Additional studies emphasise the benefits of drawing for patient comprehension, particularly for patients with low health literacy (Houts et al., 2006).
Picture superiority effect as one of the potential advantages of musculoskeletal ultrasound complementation for verbal explanation
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Yuko Matsuki-Muramoto, Michihiro Ogasawara, Toshio Kawamoto, Ken Yamaji, Naoto Tamura
Shared decision-making between doctors and patients is recognized widely as a basic principle in the treatment of patients. It should be based on a precise assessment of patients and an effective explanation from doctors to obtain informed consent from patients. In the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, including representative rheumatoid arthritis, musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSKUS) complement has been carried out in recent years for assessing its localization, identifying the presence of inflammation, evaluating disease activity, predicting relapse, and the prognosis of bone deterioration [1]. There are several advantages to adding an image to a verbal description, including: reducing the time taken to understand, improving the ease of understanding, and contributing to maintenance of memory. This effect is known as the picture superiority effect (PSE) [2–4]. PSE showed a propensity to be particularly effective in elderly people [5]. Because MSKUS is an image inspection technique, adding MSKUS to a typical descriptive clinical setting is hypothesized to initiate PSE for patients. This may be valuable in assisting with an effective explanation, in explaining the disease condition and stimulating an improved understanding compared to that of an ordinary check-up without MSKUS.
Using Infographics to Promote Athletes’ Mental Health: Recommendations for Sport Psychology Consultants
Published in Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2020
Irene L. Muir, Krista J. Munroe-Chandler
Infographics have become an increasingly popular visual approach to communicate information. The combination of images and text allows infographics to encapsulate large volumes of information while still being clear and concise (Dunlap & Lowenthal, 2016). Through his dual-code theory, learning theorist Alan Paivio (1971) supported the combination of text and images to increase the probability of recall as opposed to either alone. Similarly, Glaser (the picture superiority effect, 1992) argued that one remembers information more easily from viewing pictures as opposed to text only. In fact, 65% of individuals learn information visually (e.g., graphs and diagrams), further supporting the benefits of infographics to acquire knowledge (Fleming & Mills, 1992). Furthermore, infographics enhance visual cognition, as the use of pictures facilitate one’s ability to identify patterns and discrepancies (Kosslyn, 2007). Additionally, less time and energy are required to visually process pictures compared to text, allowing infographic information to be processed more quickly (Smiciklas, 2012). Therefore, infographics can increase the likelihood that athletes will recall information in the future.