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Risk Characterization, Communication, and Perception
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
While research results on risk perception provide a solid foundation, exactly how to apply these results effectively involves guidelines and rules of thumb more than any specific scientific method. As in any interpersonal interactions, although there are techniques that can be learned, much depends on the individuals involved. An EPA publication lists “seven cardinal rules” for effective risk communications (Table 14-3). In addition, two highly useful guides are available that are filled with guidelines and suggestions, one designed for industrial plant managers (Covello et al., 1988), and one designed for government regulatory agency personnel (Hance et al., 1988). The former focuses more on the technical information to be presented, providing guidelines for explaining risk-related numbers and risk comparisons, and includes numerous concrete examples. The latter focuses more on the methods of communication itself, covering topics such as how to overcome outrage, how to earn trust and credibility, how to communicate with different audiences, and how to deal with values and feelings. Both address the problem of communicating to the public in a local geographic area on risk issues of local concern, e.g., local concerns for risks at a chemical plant or hazardous waste site. Both provide useful guidance beyond their narrow original scope and anyone anticipating interacting with the public on risk issues is well advised to obtain copies of both.
An Introduction to Risk Assessment with a Nod to History
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
The purpose here is not to discuss the lack of veracity of the President’s Cancer Panel report, but rather to point out that this report, along with sensationalistic news reporting such as Dr. Sanjay Gupta’s series on CNN titled Toxic Towns USA, tend to increase the outrage many people feel about environmental risks. Dr. Peter Sandman of Rutgers University, an expert in risk communication, has written extensively on outrage and how real communication about risk cannot begin until outrage is addressed.150 Television journalism often tends to be prurient or alarmist to maintain or increase the viewing audience—at times, journalistic credibility is sacrificed for ratings.
The Affordable Care Act
Published in Kant Patel, Mark Rushefsky, Healthcare Politics and Policy in America, 2019
The third set of measures focuses on the “outrage industry.” Berry and Sobieraj (2014) look at different types of media, such as cable news networks (Fox, CNN, MSNBC), talk radio, newspaper columns, and the blogosphere (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). The outrage industry employs some combination of 13 modes of outrage: insulting language, name calling, emotional display, emotional language, verbal fighting/sparring, character assassination, misrepresentative exaggeration, mockery/sarcasm, conflagration, ideologically extremizing language, slippery slope, belittling, and obscene language (Berry and Sobieraj 2014, 40). They find that conservatives engage in more outrage activities than liberals, consistent with voting records and ideology. One can see this in the rise of the Tea Party movement within the Republican Party. Berry and Sobieraj (2014) observe, as did Roarty (2013), that the outrage industry has an impact on political discourse, elections, and congressional policymaking. To the last point, they note that it becomes more difficult for the parties to collaborate and compromise in this atmosphere.
Mental Health and the Pandemic: New Looks
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2022
In its report APA (2021) proposed strategies for building resilience for essential workers, people of color, and young adults so that people can navigate this secondary crisis and emerge from this challenging time. For essential workers, the APA identified measures that employers could take to support their employees: flexible hours, emotional support, the resources they need to do their jobs, days off to get vaccinated and deal with side effects. For people of color, the APA recommended participating in culturally affirming activities and staying connected to the community. Because of systemic injustice, feelings of stress, anger, outrage, and frustration are to be expected and should be acknowledged. Limiting exposure to news media reporting hate speech, violence and discrimination can help reduce feelings of anger and anxiety. And for young people, the APA strategies involved creating meaningful opportunities for connections with family, culture, and community, creating traditions for celebrating milestones like graduations and weddings, and getting regular sleep and regular exercise. Reviewing these strategies for building resilience, it seemed evident that all of us could benefit from including these practices in our lives.
Women’s experiences of marital rape and sexual violence within marriage in India: evidence from service records
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2022
Padma-Bhate Deosthali, Sangeeta Rege, Sanjida Arora
The outrage after the rape and assault resulting in the murder of a health professional in December 2012 in India* led to several public demands for addressing the issue of violence against women and changes in the criminal justice system. One response by the Indian government was to introduce amendments to the criminal law of rape. Before these amendments, an act was considered rape only if there was an attempt at peno-vaginal penetration. The law did not include as rape other forms of sexual violence, such as inserting objects or any other body part into a woman's vagina, anus, mouth, or urethra. The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 brought in critical changes providing a standardised framework on rape and sexual violence but, regrettably, the issue of sexual violence by the husband in a marital relationship (marital rape) is left out. These amendments thus failed to address the concern of sexual violence within marriage. The law retains the exemption from the offence of rape of forced sexual intercourse by a husband with his wife. This exemption is based on the notion that there is “implied and irrevocable consent to sexual intercourse by women” in marital relationships.1 This impunity of marital rape ignores the relationship which has been established between sexual violence within marriage and health consequences for women.
Up in smoke: a content analysis of tweets during the vaping-related illness epidemic
Published in Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 2021
Amanda D. Damiano, Jennifer R. Allen Catellier
Outrage was also very interesting to examine. This further reiterated that risks were not a concern of the sampled tweeters, considering that 77 percent of the tweets were in the low hazard end of the coding scheme. However, it was also interesting that outrage was low. It is clear that people discussing vaping on Twitter do not look at vaping as a health issue that they need to be concerned about. The primary area of concern or outrage was related to the potential for regulation, not about the health risk. So, thinking about a low hazard/high outrage situation, typically it would be suggested that the risk upsets the public but poses no real harm to them. However, in this example, it is not the risk that upsets the public, but the regulation of the risk. While this study could have examined this as low outrage since it was not directly related to the risk, the researchers felt that it was important to still recognize the outrage being expressed by the public. Future research could examine this, in addition to the outrage factors noted above.