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Psychological therapies
Published in Stanton Newman, Ray Fitzpatrick, Tracey A. Revenson, Suzanne Skevington, Gareth Williams, Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis, 2005
Stanton Newman, Ray Fitzpatrick, Tracey A. Revenson, Suzanne Skevington, Gareth Williams
Rheumatoid arthritis is a widespread disease where a wide range of complementary and alternative therapies are commonly used (Cronan et al., 1989, 1993). What is not known is how substances used in complementary medicine interact with the effects of prescribed treatment. Given the reliance of many alternative forms of treatment on the establishment of specific beliefs for their success, they could confound the findings of cognitive therapies which in many cases share the same aim. A few have direct and proven physiological effects like the application of soothing ointment using a rubbing motion which activates the gating mechanism in the spinal cord, so reducing pain (see Chapter 4). But more often the novelty effect of a new procedure or ostensible therapeutic substance has placebo power in relieving pain for short periods at least (Beecher, 1956). So any spontaneous remission of fluctuating symptoms following the ingestion of herbal remedies or using a copper bracelet, serve to spuriously enhance and positively reinforce beliefs that these unorthodox methods are effective (Pritchard, 1989).
General Cognitive Changes with Aging
Published in José León-Carrión, Margaret J. Giannini, Behavioral Neurology in the Elderly, 2001
There are other factors, however, that are potentially related to visuospatial task performance. First, there does indeed seem to be somewhat of a novelty effect, which particularly affects elderly people. Wadsworth Denney and Pearce54 compared young, middle-aged, and older adults on a figure-matching test and showed that whereas older adults made more errors at the start of the test, with practice, their error rate decreased to the level of those younger. Thus, practice (familiarity) with the test was of significant benefit to older individuals while it did not affect performance for younger subjects. A much earlier but related finding was reported of older individuals having significantly more perceptual difficulty than younger subjects, seen primarily as a significantly slower response time with visual stimuli of increasing complexity.55
A Pilot Study of Fieldwork Rotations vs. Year Long Placements for Social Work Students in a Public Hospital
Published in Mildred D. Mailick, Phyllis Caroff, Professional Social Work Education and Health Care, 2012
Lawrence Cuzzi, Gary Holden, Steve Rutter, Gary Rosenberg, Peter Chernack
In that our research team believes that it is important to communicate the results of studies to respondents and to listen to their reactions to the findings, we did a formal presentation of the results at a luncheon that was held for the students. Only 56% of the students (evenly split between rotation and non-rotation) attended the luncheon, in part due to scheduling difficulties. The primary themes that emerged from the discussion were ones that would be expected given the design of the study. All of the students reported that they were pleased with the learning that took place at the hospital, regardless of the group to which they were assigned. Rotation students noted that they had received knowledge in each placement which built upon the prior one. They emphasized the advantage of the exposure to three separate placements in making career decisions. In addition, they thought that working with three separate supervisors provided them with unique learning experiences. They also remarked on the strong investment of the supervisors and the excitement of being part of the development of a new model (it will be interesting to see how many years this novelty effect remains). While the rotation students felt special, none of the non-rotation students reported feeling shortchanged. Although not verbalized directly at the luncheon, we noted that the non-rotation students reacted more negatively to the extra work entailed in completing research questionnaires and that they were more suspicious of our promise to provide feedback about the study at the end of the year. The non-rotation students did spend more time during the luncheon questioning rotation students about their experience than they did talking about their own. It appeared as if there had been very little discussion regarding the differences between the two groups during the year. It was suggested by the non-rotation students that first-year students would benefit from rotating field placements, allowing second-year students to specialize. Rotation students disagreed, stating that their first-year experience prepared them for a difficult second-year experience. Overall, all students expressed a belief that the model used to teach them fieldwork was effective-a result that is consistent with our quantitative findings. Among second-year students applying for jobs, 87.5% of rotation students and 50% of non-rotation students applied for jobs at the hospital.
Comparison of immersive and non-immersive virtual reality videos as substitute for in-hospital teaching during coronavirus lockdown: a survey with graduate medical students in Germany
Published in Medical Education Online, 2022
Albert J. Omlor, Leonie S. Schwärzel, Moritz Bewarder, Markus Casper, Ellen Damm, Guy Danziger, Felix Mahfoud, Katharina Rentz, Urban Sester, Robert Bals, Philipp M. Lepper
In addition to the technical feasibility, we aimed to address the question whether the presented virtual reality videos augment teaching in times of a lockdown and whether the additional immersion by using VR viewers was worth the additional effort. While most students considered the VR videos as an appropriate medium for the course, the question regarding the add-on teaching value by using a VR-viewer headset was less clear. Students, who used a VR-viewer, evaluated both the quality of the media and the whole course better. Similarly, Birrenbach et al. documented in another study with immersive virtual reality, that the participants of the VR group were overall more satisfied with the course. In their study most of the students had no previous experience with VR. Therefore, the novelty effect, an increase in perceived usability due to the increased interest in a new technology, was discussed a possible explanation for the higher satisfaction [14]. The latter might also be a factor in our study. However, although we evaluated that the students herein did not receive any immersive virtual reality teaching in medical school prior to our study, we did not assess whether the participants used the technology for teaching in their previous schools or for entertainment at home. It should also be considered, that the Google cardboard viewers, as used in this study, are much more low-end and therefore potentially less impressive for the participants compared to the high-end Oculus Rift S devices in the other study.
Event-Related Potentials to Speech Relate to Speech Sound Production and Language in Young Children
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2022
Vanessa Harwood, Jonathan Preston, Alisa Baron, Daniel Kleinman, Nicole Landi
As shown in Figure 2, there was some evidence that the relationship between LFS and the novelty effect began early, possibly even in the pre-stimulus (baseline) window. Accordingly, we ran an additional analysis to determine whether the relationship between LFS and the novelty effect in the baseline could account for the observed relationships in component windows. First, we ran correlations (as above) at every latency in the baseline window to determine the time window in which the LFS predicted the novelty effect (after controlling for age) in the same direction as in the component time windows; a significant relationship (uncorrected p < .05) was observed between −16 and 0 ms. Next, we averaged over those latencies to compute each participant’s mean baseline novelty effect, and then included these baseline novelty effects as an additional predictor (along with LFS and age) of component novelty effects. With this additional control, LFS remained a significant predictor of stimulus novelty in the N2 time window, r(54) = 0.29, p = .01, but not in the P1 time window, r(53) = 0.20, p = .12. Accordingly, we can rule out the possibility that spurious differences in pre-stimulus activity between participants can account for the relationship between LFS and the novelty effect reported in the N2 time window, but not the P1 time window.
The role of a socially assistive robot in enabling older adults with mild cognitive impairment to cope with the measures of the COVID-19 lockdown: A qualitative study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2023
Maaike Van Assche, Timothy Moreels, Mirko Petrovic, Dirk Cambier, Patrick Calders, Dominique Van de Velde
The results need to be interpreted with caution due to some study limitations. First, the limited sample size could prove to be a limitation towards generalisability. In addition, the participants joining the study were generally interested in new technology and might not represent the age group at large. The novelty effect, which can alter study results when participants are exploring something new, could have been present in two participants, as the two-week intensive was their first introduction to the robot. The two other participants already had some experience with the robot from participation in a previous phase of the project. For all participants however, this was the first two-week intensive and individual experience with the robot in such a close fashion.