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Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
Negative priming occurs when a stimulus which immediately precedes a target results in a delayed response time. For example, if the colour red preceded the word blue it could have a negative priming effect when one wished to record REACTION TIME to respond to the word blue.
What is Positive Aging?
Published in Rachael E. Docking, Jennifer Stock, International Handbook of Positive Aging, 2017
Jennifer Stock, Pat Schofield, Rachael E. Docking
There is evidence that young adults’ attitudes towards aging affect how they engage with older adults. For example, negative attitudes from healthcare workers can also impact on quality of care provided (Levy, Slade & Kasl, 2002). Kemper (1994) found that nursing home caregivers with negative attitudes towards aging spoke to all older adults more slowly and used shorter words despite the varied cognitive abilities or physical health of the older adults they were addressing (Kemper, 1994). These interactions between young adults or caregivers and older adults provide social reinforcement for negative self-stereotypes of those older adults and there is evidence to suggest this has a priming and damaging effect on their physical and cognitive health (Meisner, 2012). This indicates that aging is not solely a biological process, but also a psychosocial process whereby attitudes, self-perceptions, and stereotypes of aging can affect cognitive and physical health outcomes (Levy, 2003). Negative priming of attitudes towards aging were found to elicit a three-times greater detrimental effect on health outcomes compared to the beneficial effect of positive age priming in older adults, either implicit or explicit. The detrimental effects of negative age priming on health outcomes included walking speed and gait (Hausdorff, Levy & Wei, 1999), cardiovascular responses (Levy et al., 2000), memory performance (Levy, 1996), and mental health (Levy, Pilver & Pietrzak, 2014). The aforementioned evidence suggests that ageism and negative attitudes towards aging impact negatively on cognitive and physical health outcomes and also the quality of care for older adults, thus it is essential that negative perceptions about aging across society are targeted.
Neuropsychological performance across symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comment on the state and critical review of the literature
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Duncan H. Cameron, Karen Rowa, Margaret C. McKinnon, Neil A. Rector, Randi E. McCabe
There were generally no differences between symptom dimensions on working memory tasks [21,22,25,31,36]. One study reported that the Checking and Obsessions/Few Compulsions (which included Symmetry) subgroups had worse performance compared to other dimensions and healthy controls on the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory task [26], although the groups did not differ from each other. A similar result was reported by Martoni et al. [30] between Symmetry symptoms and the Spatial Working Memory strategy score (which may be more indicative of planning/organization than working memory itself), and also with percent correct on Spatial Recognition Memory. Checkers also performed more poorly than the Contamination/Cleaning dimension on a negative priming task in another study [35]. Although the n-back task was not used to assess between-group differences in this study, Nakao et al. [25] assessed brain activation during this task and found that those with Cleanliness/Washing symptoms showed greater activation in the right thalamus and left postcentral gyrus than those with Obsessions/Checking symptoms.
An Exploratory Study on the Central Nervous Correlates of Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
K. Unterhorst, H. Gerwinn, A. Pohl, C. Kärgel, C. Massau, I. Ristow, J. Kneer, T. Amelung, H. Walter, K. Beier, M. Walter, B. Schiffer, T. H. C. Kruger, A. Stirn, J. Ponseti
Further studies should focus on clinical samples for more practical relevance, like the understanding of sexual disorders such as HSDD or the establishment of new pharmaceuticals in the treatment of those disorders through the understanding of cerebral mechanisms involved. Our study is a step in that direction. As the possibility of statistical error can never be ruled out, a large number of studies will be necessary to reliably link certain brain regions to SIS and SES. Rodriguez, Sack, Dewitte, and Schuhmann (2018) investigated the involvement of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in sexual inhibitory processes. Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and fMRI, they found that the IFG was selectively activated during cognitive sexual inhibition through negative priming. This connection was modulated by participants’ SES scores. In our study, no connection was found between SIS or SES and IFG activation. This lack of congruence in research findings could be due to various reasons of statistical or methodical nature—for example, our choice of stimuli.