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Tools for Learner Motivation
Published in Jim Goodell, Janet Kolodner, Learning Engineering Toolkit, 2023
Laura Casey, Diana Delgado, Jim Goodell, Prasad Ram
Motivating operations can have an immediate effect upon a particular form of behavior or can exert an influence over more complex classes of behavior that extend over longer periods of time. Providing feedback, enthusiastic praise, or access to preferred items or activities are often used as immediate, short-term motivators. Over time, these short-term motivators can also increase the likelihood of engaging in activities over larger units of time; for example, a student who receives appropriate praise and descriptive feedback may feel better about going to school, attendinga class, participating in a daily activity, reading a book, or working on a long-term project. Longer-term motivators include dashboards and maps that let learners visualize their progress toward learning goals, credentials, and career goals. (An example of this is show in Figure 15.3 from Gooru Navigator.) Learners are also motivated when they can see that goals are attainable. They may be motivated by some level of autonomy over their paths or by a sense of ownership, knowing that their learning path is customized for them.
Pediatric Lifestyle Medicine
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Jonathan R. Miller, Richard Boles, Stephen R. Daniels
Other environmental events that precede behavior can also influence their occurrence. Motivating operations (MOs) are events or conditions that alter the efficacy of a given consequence for strengthening (or weakening) behavior, as well as influence the likelihood that behavior will occur.32 Deprivation from a preferred stimulus will typically increase the value of that stimulus and make behaviors to obtain it more likely. When a lifestyle change involves restricting preferred foods, the deprivation from these items is likely to act as a MO that increases their value, such that, barring other MOs that work to reduce their value (e.g. access to foods that adequately substitute) or punishing consequences for eating these foods (e.g. allergic reaction), a person may be more likely to consume these foods if given the opportunity. MOs can also reduce the value of otherwise reinforcing events, as when being tired decreases the value of physical activity with peers for a child.
The use of applied behavior analysis in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Craig S. Persel, Chris H. Persel
Recently, behavior analysts have increasingly used the term motivating operations (MO) to refer to environmental events (antecedents) that establish whether or not a behavior will be affected by a consequence.188,189 These can include establishing operations that increase effectiveness of consequence and abolishing operations that decrease effectiveness of consequences. For example, if a person is hungry, he or she is more likely to engage in behavior that results in being fed (establishing operation). If the person is not hungry, he or she is less likely to engage in the behavior (abolishing operation).
Descriptive Longitudinal Analysis of Stereotypy and Corresponding Changes in Psychotropic Medication
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Drew Piersma, Marisela Aguilar, Haley Seibert, Bailey Boyle, Gabrielle Griffith, Maria G. Valdovinos
The use of experimental functional analysis (FA) has been successful in identifying potential variables that impact stereotypy. Within an FA, individuals experience controlled manipulations of socially-mediated antecedents and consequences [e.g., access to attention, escape from demands8] Additionally, there are control conditions that counter-balance the presentation and manipulation of these variables (e.g., free access to attention, lack of demands). These manipulations often serve as motivating operations, which momentarily alter the value of consequences associated with targeted behavior and impact the probability of behavior. Thus, the core objective of this analysis is to determine whether the behavior is maintained by social reinforcement (e.g., escaping demands, attaining tangible items, attention, etc.), or by some other nonsocial reinforcer (e.g., biological, sensory). If target behavior occurs at a significantly higher rate in an “alone” condition than in an “attention” condition, one could conclude that behavior is likely maintained by automatic reinforcement.9 When stereotypy is maintained by automatic reinforcement, the individual engages in stereotypy in situations that may or may not be devoid of opportunity for social consequences.10 In other words, it is engagement in stereotypy and the stimulation produced by engagement in the behavior itself that is reinforcing, rather than external environmental consequences, which may complicate treatment.11 At present, it is unknown how much of observed stereotypic behavior is mediated and controlled by access to environmental stimuli.