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Pre-Clinical Approaches and Methods on Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
S. R. Chandra, Pooja Mailankody
The term SCD refers to everyday cognitive concerns raised by persons without objective evidence of dementia. The grouping is etiologically heterogeneous and therefore interventions might help some individuals. Irrespective of the nature, quality of life is affected. SCD is considered to be probably the earliest sign of dementia, but many unanswered questions remain. Decline is defined as a change to MCI or dementia over a follow-up interval. Which mental process impairment, biomarker, or functional neuroanatomy causes this decline? A lot of research has taken place in the past decade in this area. A widely accepted approach is lacking, and the heterogeneity is due to a lack of understanding of the mode of administration, number of terms, response options, domains to be tested, etc. But suspicion of this being pre-MCI is based on reports that amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition correlates with SCD but not with objective cognitive impairment. Amyloid status, however, predicts future decline. Tau proteins are associated with SCD, cortical volume, medial temporal atrophy, and white matter changes, and indicate decreased structural integrity in the memory system.
An Indian Perspective on Understanding Intelligence
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Ashok K. Srivastava, Girishwar Misra
The conceptualisation of intelligence as a single entity or disposition is currently facing serious challenges. The concept of mental age as proposed by Binet has, for several reasons such as equivocality, non-linearity, and unidimensionality, proved to be a weak link in the psychometric analysis of intelligence. Different metaphors (e.g., geographic, computational, biological, epistemological, anthropological, sociological, and systems) lead to diverse ways of conceptualising the processes of knowledge acquisition and utilisation (Sternberg, 1990a). Intelligence is now viewed as “the mental abilities necessary for adaptation to, as well as shaping and selection of, any environmental context” (Sternberg, 1997, p. 1030). What is included in these processes can not be divorced from the socio-cultural milieu or ecology within which a behavior takes place (Carugati, 1990). The same set of mental processes may give rise to very different behaviors in varying environmental contexts.
The Redefinition Issue
Published in David Lamb, Organ Transplants and Ethics, 2020
Arguments supporting ontological or higher brain formulations of death are concerned with criteria seeking to describe the minimum necessary qualities for personhood, defined in terms of psychological abilities. It is argued that since the loss of higher brain functions entails the loss of continuous mental processes, then a redefinition of brain death must stress loss of personal identity. Ontological definitions do not attribute any significance to the persistence of other functions such as spontaneous respiration and heartbeat.
Gathering narratives: Athletes’ experiences preparing for the Tokyo summer olympic games during a global pandemic
Published in Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2023
Many definitions of resilience are centered on the concept of positive adaptation to adversity and yet Fletcher and Sarkar (2013) caution that when positive adaptation and adversity are not clearly defined this approach can be limiting. As a result, Fletcher & Sarkar define resilience as “the role of mental processes and behaviour in promoting personal assets and protecting an individual from the potential negative effect of stressors” (2012, p. 675) emphasizing that resilience is often about maintaining normal levels of functioning, rather than restoring or even enhancing functioning. The authors also advocate for the use of the term ‘stressor’ over adversity as there are situations that are positive but still require resilience (e.g., a job promotion) and note the language “mental processes and behaviour” supports both trait and process conceptualizations of resilience, as a quality that is developed over time and within the context of a specific environment.
Reducing age-related Memory Deficits: The Roles of Environmental Support and self-initiated Processing Activities
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2022
How are mental processes controlled? The generally accepted idea in the case of human cognitive processes is that thinking, deciding, remembering, and other aspects of cognition are managed by control processes, or executive functions, mediated by the brain’s frontal lobes (Luria, 1966/1980; Stuss & Benson, 1986). These high-level mental operations typically involve conscious awareness, but they take place against a large and varied background of unconscious habitual influences, some genetically inherited and some acquired through learning (e.g. Bargh & Ferguson, 2000; Jacoby, 1991; Jacoby, Toth, & Yonelinas, 1993; Schacter, 1987). One way of looking at the role of the frontal lobes in cognitive control is therefore that they remove control from the “default mode” of habitual influences, and guide thoughts and actions in directions that are more specific and relevant to the current context (e.g. Mesulam, 2002).
Cognitive performance of women at various stages of reproductive aging and associated risk factors
Published in Climacteric, 2022
The internal mental processes that occur between encountering a stimulus from the environment and observing a behavioral response are known as cognitive processes [4]. These mental processes include both the simple tasks of perception, attention and sensation as well as complex tasks including memory, learning, using language, decision-making, problem-solving and reasoning [4]. Existing literature [5] illustrates that the changes in these memory functions occur gradually without any sudden decline. Pinto and Subramanyam [6] described mild cognitive impairment as an intermediate stage between normal aging and severe cognitive deficit (i.e. dementia) and is characterized by subjective complaints of memory loss, forgetting things and abnormal memory changes for age, whereas at its initial phase these changes did not interrupt the daily activities of an individual [7].