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Measurement of the level of equity in healthcare services
Published in Songül Çınaroğlu, Equity and Healthcare Reform in Developing Economies, 2020
The concentration index is a measure of the degree of socioeconomic inequality in health variables (Wagstaff et al., 1989). It has been used for measuring and comparing the degree of socioeconomic-related inequality in healthcare (Wagstaff 2000). The concentration index is defined referring to the concentration curve and the line of equality (the 45-degree line). If no socioeconomic-related inequality exists, the concentration index takes a score of 0 (Wagstaff et al., 2011). Therefore, the index is bounded between −1 and 1. The index score is bounded between −1 and 1:(7.1)
Genetics, society and the future
Published in Angus Clarke, Alex Murray, Julian Sampson, Harper's Practical Genetic Counselling, 2019
Without such protection from the adverse effects of genetic disease (and the effects of the risk of genetic disease), there is a danger that genetics services will only be accessible to those in employment and with comfortable incomes. Genetics would then exacerbate social inequalities. This effect would be greater where inequality is already more marked, because more people would be unable to afford adequate health insurance and would therefore be more easily bankrupted by the costs of healthcare and then left without healthcare. Some form of social healthcare or social health insurance is therefore necessary if society is to realise the potential benefit of ‘the genetics approach to human health’.
Primary healthcare as a determinant of population health: a social epidemiologist’s view
Published in Gert P Westert, Lea Jabaaij, François G Schellevis, Morbidity, Performance and Quality in Primary Care, 2018
Good primary care experience, in particular enhanced accessibility and continuity, are associated with better self-reported physical and mental health.18 Conversely, higher levels of income inequality have been associated with worse population health and wider socio-economic disparities in health.17 Importantly, strong primary care has been shown to mitigate the adverse association of income inequality with population health; it is especially beneficial in communities with the highest levels of income inequality.18,21 In essence, primary care and social determinants are complementary inputs to the goal of reducing health disparities.
Benefits of longitudinal community placements - A reply to twelve tips to center social accountability in undergraduate medical education
Published in Medical Teacher, 2022
Tharunica Thavajothy, Sloni Arora
From our experience as medical students, we have general practice placement, which is similar to the community service-learning (CSL) programme described in your article. We wholeheartedly agree that this helped us understand how specific health needs vary in different areas and there is no doubt that these programmes should extend beyond pre-clinical years. Groups of 4–5 students are placed at practices throughout London, including Barking and Dagenham, which has a life expectancy for men of 78.1 years and Westminster, which has a life expectancy of 84.9 years (Trust for London 2021). On a national level, inequality is seen in healthcare. Living in a more deprived area has been shown to increase the chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer at stages III or IV (Downing et al. 2007). Whilst on placement, we participate in projects to improve services, leading to the practice being able to serve the community more effectively.
Socioeconomic inequality in cancer in the Nordic countries. A systematic review
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2022
Gunn Ammitzbøll, Anne Katrine Graudal Levinsen, Trille Kristina Kjær, Freja Ejlebæk Ebbestad, Trine Allerslev Horsbøl, Lena Saltbæk, Sara Koed Badre-Esfahani, Andrea Joensen, Eva Kjeldsted, Maja Halgren Olsen, Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton
In universal healthcare systems, aside from stage, comorbidity and general health status, other factors may influence the offered anticancer treatment, such as age, the oncologist’s subjective evaluation of treatment tolerance, geographical area and distance to available treatments. However, our findings mostly align with those of a systematic review and meta-analysis about socioeconomic inequalities in lung cancer treatment by Forrest et al. [116] showing that lower SEP was associated with less access to surgery and chemotherapy in both universally funded healthcare systems and insurance financed healthcare systems. This indicates that there may be explanatory factors for socioeconomic inequality yet unaccounted for, and that the type and structure of the healthcare system may only play a smaller role. Health literacy and other mechanisms involved in the interaction between the patient and health professionals such as social capital may be equally important in explaining inequality in the treatment offered, but this has earned little focus in research.
The effect of job security on safety behavior with the moderating role of salary: a structural equation model
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Mohammad Abri, Shahram Vosoughi, Jamileh Abolghasemi, Jamshid Rahimi, Hossein Ebrahimi
Economic status is another factor that may influence safety behavior. Social and economic status are known as a major cause of health inequality. Those living in poor, low-salary social and economic environments are exposed to higher risk [18,19]. Human societies are separated into different social classes, and each belongs to a particular social and economic class according to specific criteria of economics, education, personal wealth and profession. Nowadays, the kind of employment, the hours of unemployment and holidays vary based on social classes. In fact, people from the upper classes generally have more knowledge and information. For this reason, decision-making for their lifestyle is based on awareness and knowledge of the issues of health. But people with low socioeconomic status do not have desirable behavior and attitude toward health [18,20].