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Toward a Cultural Psychology of African Americans
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
In U.S. society, control is a defining property of wellbeing. In McDougall’s (1921) description of the races of Europe, “will” and “introversion” were positive properties, and “extraversion” and “gregariousness” were negative. Self-Actualization implies that the pinnacle of selfhood can be achieved through personal agency. Those who fail to accomplish this actualized state may be thought of as “pawns” rather than “origins” (DuCharms, 1966), or external as opposed to internal in their locus of control (Rotter 1966), or field dependent rather than field independent (Witkin et al, 1962). Moreover, research shows that having control can confer better physical health among nursing home patients (Langer & Rodin, 1976), or that the illusion of control can cause people to overvalue things over which such control is exerted like playing bingo cards (Langer 1983).
Gambling Disorder
Published in Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 2019
Seth W. Whiting, Rani A. Hoff, Marc N. Potenza
The illusion of control is a bias in which an individual believes he or she has some control in a random outcome, and thus the individual believes the likelihood of personal success is higher than the actual given odds (Langer 1975). It has been argued that gambling activities possess characteristics that may promote such a bias: slot machines allow the gambler to stop the spinning reels immediately following a button press, lottery gamblers are allowed to choose their own numbers, and craps players take turns rolling the dice themselves. Similar to the previously discussed cognitive biases, the illusion of control may be dangerous for gamblers because many gambling events are independent, random, and out of the control of the gambler. Adjusting decisions based on perceived control when none exists may contribute to negative results for gamblers. For example, when gamblers were allowed to voluntarily stop slot machine reels from spinning, they have reported that their actions may have influenced the results in a skill-related fashion and have demonstrated greater gambling persistence (Ladouceur and Sévigny 2005).
Must reform always be like trying to knit with water?
Published in John Spiers, Patients, Power and Responsibility, 2018
Concerning consultation (and de-centralisation), we should sort illusion and control from the offer of influence, if we are to see the realities that many patients experience. In a market – by contrast with voting – it is often good enough to voice a question in order to get an answer. And if enough do so, it is acted upon. In NHS consultations it is difficult to know – even if you are an activist – whether a question has been acted upon, clearly and surely. And if it has, will it be allowed to slip back when you look away? A customer is more easily aware of change, as the signals are explicit on both sides of the lines. And if ‘conscious competent behaviour’ is one key element of learning, this too is more obviously secured by a market. Pressure groups, too, which repeat messages find that this itself ensures that they are often not heard, even when they believe that they have been consulted. This is the problem of being characterised as ‘the one that always goes on about that’.9
Research in football: evolving and lessons we can learn from our mistakes
Published in Science and Medicine in Football, 2021
There is a huge and constant pressure in football (and sports in general) to be innovative, to find new strategies, processes and technologies that will provide a competitive advantage (Ardern et al. 2019). In this pursuit, research may generate various dogmas and most of us have made the mistake of occasionally jumping too quickly on one or more ideas contributing in transforming them into dogmas. A ‘dogma’ is defined as a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority and held to be incontrovertibly true (Oxford dictionary), however, in experimental science rarely if ever can dogmatic claims be made. Uncertainties in research should be accepted and endeavours made to not jump onto or create dogmas that are used to justify or promote our positions or to create the illusion of control to face our cognitive dissonance (Impellizzeri et al. 2020a).
Gambling and Alcohol Problems during the College Years: Personality, Physical and Emotional Health and Gambling Beliefs
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2020
Serena M. King, James P. Whelan
Co-occurring and gambling/alcohol only groups may have different patterns of psychological and physical health outcomes. Gamblers’ beliefs reflect cognitions related to risk for gambling problems (illusion of control/luck perseverance). Although, gambling beliefs are not necessarily related to alcohol problems, the extent to which individuals endorse beliefs may reflect their risk for gambling problems and associated cognitions. Individuals with co-occurring problems may have a greater number of beliefs than those with gambling problems only because excess alcohol influences the development of their gambling belief system (if using while playing). Alternatively, those with gambling and alcohol problems together may have a more significant and serious gambling problem. Another possibility is there are common personality or psychopathology factors impacting both gambling and alcohol problems are associated with gambling cognitions.
Lack of awareness towards smoking-related health risks, symptoms related to COPD, and attitudinal factors concerning smoking: an Internet-based survey conducted in a random sample of the Danish general population
Published in European Clinical Respiratory Journal, 2018
Melina Gade Sikjær, Ole Hilberg, Andreas Fløe, Jens Dollerup, Anders Løkke
It is well established that tobacco use increases the risk of lung cancer as well as other types of cancer. Despite this increased risk of cancer among smokers, the present study found that although cancer is the most feared disease among smokers, the level of fear is significantly lower than in the ex- and never-smokers. Other studies have also found that smokers underestimate their own risk of developing lung cancer [31]. Smokers are generally aware that smoking increases the risk of lung cancer, but they are often more optimistic about themselves than they are about other smokers. They tend to overestimate the protective effect of a healthy lifestyle (e.g. healthy diet, exercise, increased vitamin intake), underestimate their tobacco dependence giving them an illusion of control, and distancing themselves from responsibility by attributing genes as a major factor in the development of lung cancer [31,32]. These psychological obstacles are important to take into consideration when encouraging smoking cessation.