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Introduction and Information for Therapists
Published in Paul R. Stasiewicz, Clara M. Bradizza, Kim S. Slosman, Emotion Regulation Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders, 2018
Paul R. Stasiewicz, Clara M. Bradizza, Kim S. Slosman
Self-report continues to be the primary method by which clinicians and researchers assess difficulties with emotion regulation. The two questionnaires used most often are the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003). The DERS is a 37-item measure that assesses self-reported emotion regulation difficulties. The DERS has six subscales that assess the following characteristics: nonacceptance of emotions, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior when distressed, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity. The ERQ is a 10-item questionnaire with two subscales assessing emotion reappraisal and expressive suppression of emotion.
Development of Comorbid PTSD and Substance Use Disorders
Published in Anka A. Vujanovic, Sudie E. Back, Posttraumatic Stress and Substance Use Disorders, 2019
Erin C. Berenz, Sage McNett, Katherine Paltell
Twin and family studies are important for estimating sources of variance for psychiatric disorders and provide important information on the nature of psychiatric comorbidity. However, these studies are not able to provide insight into specific factors accounting for such risk. Familial risk for trait-level neuroticism (Holeva & Tarrier, 2001; Parslow, Jorm, & Christensen, 2006; Sintov, Kendler, Walsh, Patterson, & Prescott, 2009) or other characteristics, such as juvenile antisocial behavior (Jang, Stein, Taylor, Asmundson, & Livesley, 2003) may account for some of the shared liability underlying trauma and substance use phenotypes, but additional research is needed to understand the specific factors accounting for this overlap. It is possible that individual difference factors known to correlate with PTSD/SUD also share familial liability with that underlying PTSD/SUD. For example, aspects of emotion regulation, such as expressive suppression, or effort to refrain from expressive emotion, have demonstrated moderate heritability (McRae et al., 2017). A number of emotion regulation measures have demonstrated significant associations with PTSD and SUD phenotypes in a variety of sample types and research designs (e.g., McLean & Foa, 2017; Shadur & Lejuez, 2015). Similarly, anxiety sensitivity, or a fear of anxiety and related sensations, is moderately heritable and evidences meaningful and consistent associations with PTSD and SUD (for a review, see Vujanovic et al., 2018). Unfortunately, given the scope and breadth of most twin studies, few such investigations have the capacity to administer assessments of specific individual difference factors, such as emotion regulation and anxiety sensitivity. Regardless, efforts to evaluate these types of phenotypes in twins at various stages of development would be incredibly informative to our understanding of malleable risk factors that may account for a portion of shared liability in PTSD/SUD. Molecular genetic studies also have the potential to inform these questions, and Chapter 15 of this book provides a review of the state of the PTSD/SUD molecular genetic research.
Attachment and Emotion Regulation: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Iranian and Dutch Gay Men
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2023
This questionnaire assesses the two most-used strategies for regulating emotions: Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression. ERQ has 10 items, and participants rate how much they agree with each item, considering their own way to deal with their emotions on a 7-point Likert scale, from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The reliability of the two subscales is adequate to good, Cronbach’s α = 0.79 for reappraisal and α = 0.73 for suppression (averaged for four samples) and the measure had good predictive, discriminative, and convergent validity (Gross & John, 2003). ERQ showed good validity and reliability in the Farsi-speaking population. Mahmoud, Ghasempour, Azimi, Akbari, and Fahimi (2012) reported Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the whole questionnaire and the subscales of reappraisal and suppression to be 0.71, 0.73, and 0.52, respectively.
The relationship between post-traumatic stress and negative emotions in patients with breast cancer: the mediating role of emotion regulation
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2022
Shuai Teng, Miaomiao Wang, Bingxue Han, Yufeng Ma, He Du, Lili Ji, Xianglian Sun, Jinxia Liu, Qian Lu, Liping Jia, Guohua Lu
This study found that there was a significant positive correlation between post-traumatic stress and negative emotions. Patients with high post-traumatic stress tend to have stronger negative emotions, which was consistent with previous studies.18 Cognitive reappraisal has a significant negative predictive effect on patients’ negative emotional states, so patients who used cognitive reappraisal tended to have lower levels of depression and anxiety, suggesting better emotional well-being. Additionally, this study showed that expressive suppression had a significant positive predictive effect on patients’ negative emotional states, in that patients who were accustomed to adopting expressive suppression often experienced stronger negative emotions. Although expressive suppression has a short-term effect of reducing emotional intensity,42 it can lead to long-term adverse results.43 Therefore, expressive suppression is not suitable as an intervention method for patients with breast cancer who are experiencing a lot of intense, negative emotions.
The Mental States Task (MST): Correlates and New Perspectives on Mentalizing in a Lebanese Student Sample
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Pia Tohme, Ian Grey, Rudy Abi-Habib
Gross and John (2003) described two emotion regulation strategies. They defined 1) cognitive reappraisal as one’s capacity to change the way emotionally-loaded events are evaluated before they occur, and 2) expressive suppression, presented as a maladaptive strategy, aiming to reduce the behavioral aspects of a developed negative emotional response. Relating these emotion regulation strategies to mentalizing capacities, it can be argued that, on one hand, mentalizing facilitates cognitive reappraisal as it allows one to reevaluate an emotional situation in order to decrease its emotional impact on the self. On the other hand, mentalizing decreases the use of emotional suppression which entails a defense against the internal subjective experience of emotionally-loaded or anxiety-provoking events (Allen et al., 2003; Fonagy & Bateman, 2007; Lemche et al., 2004).