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Deception and the Elderly
Published in Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier, Detecting Malingering and Deception, 2020
Harold V. Hall, Joseph G. Poirier
What is the impact of lifelong experience with the human capacity for deception for a person who enters maturity? Erikson (1963) stated that the ego challenge for the person entering maturity was to achieve ego integrity vs. despair. According to Erikson, the developmental challenge for elderly people is to be able to accept their life, their accomplishments, their failures, and their finality. For the elderly person who has coped and achieved through life, based on a lifestyle characterized by deception, this would appear to be a formidable task. Similarly, the elderly person who enters maturity bitter in the perception of having been chronically victimized by human deceit will have difficulties achieving ego integrity.
Life review: an educational perspective
Published in Lorna Foyle, Janis Hostad, Delivering Cancer and Palliative Care Education, 2018
Erikson was aware of the many physical and social adjustments that elderly people are often forced to make, suggesting that old age often relates to an accumulation of losses and adjustments. This view is supported by Havighurst (1972) and Miller (1999), who propose that old age can be associated with adjustment to decreasing physical strength and health, retirement and reduced income, and adapting to a slowing down of all social activities. Clearly such adjustments are also significant to a person who has a life-threatening illness. This view is supported by Lair (1996), Sheldon (1997) and Oliviere et al. (1998), who add that due to the nature of many life-threatening illnesses, such adjustments are often required within a short time span. Therefore it could be argued that the pressure on those who are dying to achieve ego integrity is enormous. Erikson (1982) identifies that individuals who are able to resolve the ‘crisis’ and achieve ego integrity are more likely to have a sense of meaning and order in their life, whereas those who do not may fear death. He goes on to suggest that life review reminiscence can be regarded as an important developmental task in older adulthood. Therefore, in the context of cancer and palliative care, it is proposed that older adulthood refers to where a person is situated along their lifespan, rather than to their age. Consequently, life review could be regarded as a useful tool to help those with a terminal illness to achieve ego integrity.
The aging mind
Published in Jennifer R. Sasser, Harry R. Moody, Gerontology, 2018
Jennifer R. Sasser, Harry R. Moody
These ideas of human development are aligned with the life-course perspective. Erikson built on Freud’s psychoanalytic ideas, but developed them in a new direction. For Erikson, infancy and early life were a time to develop qualities of trust in others and, hopefully, to overcome shame and guilt. Adolescence is characteristically a time to forge identity against role confusion. Midlife and later life for Erikson are described as a time for generativity – or, as one Psychologist put it, “outliving the self.” Finally, in old age, for Erikson, there is a time where psychological conflict continues, specifically, the struggle between ego-integrity (affirmation of one’s life) versus despair. Erikson’s idea of ego-integrity is close to what Psychologist Carl Jung described as the primary psychological task of the second half of life, namely, individuation, becoming the person you were meant to be and cultivating self-acceptance. The psychology of individuation makes sense because of the well-established fact about growing heterogeneity or individual differences as people move through the life-course.
Addressing spiritual needs in palliative care: proposal for a narrative and interfaith spiritual care intervention for chaplaincy
Published in Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 2023
Iris R. Wierstra, Anke I. Liefbroer, Lenneke Post, Thijs Tromp, Jacques Körver
The exploration of the life story along these lines gives us direction for understanding palliative patients’ spiritual needs and search for meaning and connectedness. Another important concept related to palliative patients’ spiritual needs and contributing to spiritual wellbeing is hope (Olsman et al., 2015). According to Van Knippenberg (2018), hope is directed to the future and helps to reconcile with the present situation in the here and now. Hope can direct in times of balancing between change and continuity. In the palliative phase, patients may deal with questions concerning hope versus despair. Erikson (1950) assumes people pass through different stages during life in which the final stage focuses on the question of acceptance of life. He distinguishes two opposites in this stage: ego-integrity (a positive acceptance or reconciliation with one’s own life) versus despair. The feelings of doubt, fear and despair which may occur as spiritual needs in the palliative phase (Murray et al., 2004) could indicate difficulty in balancing these two opposites. A narrative approach, to which we turn next, enables people to obtain self-affirmation and self-acceptance (Post et al., 2020) and hence achieve ego-integrity and hope instead of despair (Pinquart & Forstmeier, 2012).
Identity Process Treatment Model for Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients
Published in Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 2022
Marty A. Cooper, Seojung Jung, Jamie L. Gordon
Considering TGNC identity development through the IPT lens is theoretically interesting, but our aim was to develop a model with clinical application. The goal of using IPT is to facilitate treatment, reduce negative affect, and increase a sense of ownership over one’s identity. Additionally, in regard to Erikson’s (1963) concept of ego integrity versus despair, treatment can facilitate the client’s development toward ego integrity. With this in mind, we present the ways in which the IPT lens has been utilized with clients in a private practice setting. Brumbaugh-Johnson and Hull (2019) recently published research that found that the coming out process for transgender individuals can be divided into three themes: navigating others”gender expectations; navigating others”reactions; and navigating the threat of violence. Although this article does not specifically address a coming out process, this recent research provides a frame with which to understand some of the processes that impact transgender clients. Although Brumbaugh-Johnson and Hull (2019) conceptualize the coming out process as largely a social process, we do not specifically focus on the coming out process, as we view it embedded in a sociopolitical history (Faderman, 2015; Tamashiro, 2005), and such a focus would distract from the developmental focus of this article.
Diverse Approaches to Meaning-Making at the End of Life
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2019
Hollen N. Reischer, John Beverley
Psychotherapy is a context that provides guidance for individuals to approach life-closing with intentionality, as well as a context for researchers to explore relationships between subjective lived experience and psychological phenomena. For example, research on the structure of well-being in older adult narratives found that individuals (N = 40; M = 72.3 years) who told their life stories as increasingly positive and stable over time had higher scores on well-being and ego integrity than those who told increasingly negative or variable life stories (Sherman 1994). Similarly, narratives of healthy late midlife adults (N = 128; M = 66 years) demonstrated ego integrity found in life stories was significantly and positively correlated with overall well-being and regret resolution (Torges et al. 2008).