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Sci-fi dreaming
Published in Josie Malinowski, The Psychology of Dreaming, 2020
Projecting ourselves much, much further into the future, then, we may find that one day androids really do dream. You might be wondering why this is relevant to this book – what have android dreams got to do with The Psychology of Dreaming? For one thing, it raises the question of whether androids will be able to dream at all, because this depends on how we define ‘dream’, which takes us back to the beginning of the book. There, we defined dreaming as ‘conscious experiences during sleep’. But will androids sleep, and can they ever be conscious? Of course, these questions are far too weighty for this book, but they are questions future researchers and ethicists will need to address.
A triune model for sleep and dreams
Published in Frederick L. Coolidge, Ernest Hartmann, Dream Interpretation as a Psychotherapeutic Technique, 2018
Frederick L. Coolidge, Ernest Hartmann
There is also a plethora of anecdotal reports of creative ideas and solutions for problems arising from dreams. For example, Krippner and Hughes (1970) found, in a survey of contemporary mathematicians, that over 50% reported they had at least once solved a mathematical problem in a dream. The brilliant Indian mathematician Ramanujan (1887–1920) said that the goddess Kali gave him solutions to theorems in his dreams, although there was some suspicion he said so for politico-religious reasons. There is also the phenomenon of lucid dreaming, where dreamers can become aware that they are dreaming within a dream, and thus control the direction or outcome of the dream. This technique has reportedly been used successfully as a psychotherapeutic technique, as claimed by its proponents (e.g. Cartwright and Lamberg, 1992;LaBerge, 1985). However, lucid dreams are infrequent, and few people can successfully and regularly control their dreams (e.g. Hartmann, 1998).
Sleep, dreams, and athletic performance
Published in Michael Kellmann, Jürgen Beckmann, Sport, Recovery, and Performance, 2017
Daniel Erlacher, Felix Ehrlenspiel
Dreams – characterised as sleep mentation – are defined as all mental experiences (perceptions, thoughts, and emotions) occurring during sleep (Stickgold, 2017). The question of why people dream has fascinated humankind for centuries. Over the years several ideas about the function of dreaming have been formulated, starting from Freud’s theory of dreams as guardians of sleep (Freud, 1987) to theories that dreaming is a training field for consciousness (Hobson, 2009). However, the empiric testing of possible functions of dreams encounters certain challenging problems; e.g., to elicit the content of a dream, a participant has to report a dream after awakening. A dream report is therefore biased by the process of sleep-wake transition and the recall of the participant about the dream narrative (Schredl, 2017). Thus the question always arises as to how well the dream report actually depicts the event experienced (Schredl & Erlacher, 2003). A reduction of the nocturnal dream images by the report is inevitable. Besides methodological obstacles most dream researchers agree that nocturnal dreaming is in some way related to waking experience.
The Characteristics and Prevalence of Dream Bizarreness, Inter-individual Differences and Their Relation to Quality of Life
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Georgina Nemeth, Éva I. Bányai
The results – in line with previous findings (Domhoff, 2003) – show that bad dreams occur too often to be thought of as dysfunctional (Domhoff, 1993; Nielsen & Carr, 2017). There is a debate about what exact features characterize dysfunctional bad dreams and nightmares. The classical emotional regulation theory (Cartwright, 2005) claims that the positive outcome is the premise of the functionality of dreams. The emotional memory consolidation and emotional integration theories link the functionality of dreams to their hyper-associativity and thus to their bizarreness, implicating that highly realistic and repetitious dreams reflect an obstruction in the normal mechanism of dreaming. Meanwhile still others claim (Revonsuo, 2000) that even traumatic nightmares are functional (for review see Nielsen & Carr, 2017).
The future orientation of constructive memory: An evolutionary perspective on therapeutic hypnosis and brief psychotherapy
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2021
Ernest Rossi, Roxanna Erickson-Klein, Kathryn Rossi
The second major phase of sleep, rapid-eye-movement (REM) dreaming, which is characterized by heightened cerebral activity, first evolved in early birds and mammals as a post SW-sleep state that was capable of facilitating memory consolidation by activating gene expression to make the proteins needed for generating the activity- dependent synaptic plasticity of neurons, that became the neural correlates of adaptive behavior. Mammals then evolved extended REM states of dreaming to prolong neuronal reverberation in novel ways that could promote memory reconstruction in a behaviorally adaptive manner rather than mere rote record of past events. In brief, sleep and dreaming became an inner stage for integrating past events with current novel experiences to simulate and creatively replay the present as a rehearsal for future adaptive behavior.
Sexual Behaviors and Sexual Health of Sexsomnia Individuals Aged 18–58
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Sinem Cankardas, Carlos H. Schenck
The objective physiological monitoring of sleep with time-synchronized video-polysomnography (v-PSG) has documented eight cases of sexual behaviors during sleep (sleep masturbation, n = 7; sexual intercourse, n = 1), with the gender distribution being six males (75%) and one female (25%), a 60 years old. married woman with one episode of masturbation emerging from slow-wave (N3) NREM sleep (Cicolin et al., 2011), and a 42 years old married woman with 4 episodes of masturbation emerging from N2 and N3 sleep (Toscanini et al., 2020). The age distribution among the six males was 16–49 years old, including one male who had one episode of sexual intercourse, initiated by his wife’s touch during sleep (Shapiro et al., 2003), and four males who had 35 documented episodes of sleep masturbation (range: 1–16 episodes per patient) (Contreras et al., 2019; Martynowicz et al., 2018 [two cases]; Pirzada et al., 2019; Yeh & Schenck, 2016). There was no associated dreaming during these vPSG documented sexual behaviors during sleep. Triggers for the sexsomnia episodes included spontaneous NREM sleep partial arousals (n = 3), OSA (n = 1), sleep bruxism (n = 1), and combined OSA-sleep bruxism (n = 1). One patient had 4 episodes of sleep masturbation triggered by OSA in one vPSG study, and then after the OSA was fully treated with CPAP, he had four more episodes of sleep masturbation triggered by NREM partial arousals in a second vPSG study (Contreras et al., 2019).