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Current Theories of Hypnosis
Published in Assen Alladin, Michael Heap, Claire Frederick, Hypnotherapy Explained, 2018
Assen Alladin, Michael Heap, Claire Frederick
Hilgard (1973, 1974, 1986) describes hypnosis in terms of dissociation or divided consciousness. Dissociation is a psychological process whereby information (incoming, stored or outgoing) is actively deflected from integration with its usual or expected associations, producing alteration in thoughts, feelings or actions, so that for a period certain information is not associated or integrated with other information in the usual manner or in a logical way (West 1967). Such an experience can be regarded to be either normal or pathological.
Chronic Posttraumatic Disorders of Consciousness
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Dissociation is a psychiatric term (see American Psychiatric Association, 2000, pp. 519–533), with symptoms that overlap those of altered states of consciousness immediately following trauma. Dissociation is defined as a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and perception of the environment. Dissociative disorders were originally considered as classic hysteria (Freud). Janet offered an alternative explanation (Kihlstrom, 2001). Such conditions as hysteria and multiple personality were described as “dynamic illnesses” caused by an idea or suggestion originating in a psychological trauma of an unknown nature to the victim. Consequently, certain experiences, thoughts, and actions became separated from the monitoring and controlling functions of the central executive ego. Janet has asserted that the elementary structures of the mental system were “psychological automatisms.” These were complex acts, finely attuned to the external and internal environments, which were preceded by an idea and accompanied by an emotion. The repertory of automatisms was considered to be bound together by a single and united stream of consciousness that was accessible to awareness and voluntary control. After trauma, one or more automatisms would be split off and function outside of awareness, be independent of voluntary control, or be both (i.e., dissociation). Hilgard’s conception was that integration and organization of the individual control structures can be disrupted, producing divided consciousness. They might not be linked with each other or the link with the executive might be cut. Alternatively, many mental and behavioral functions are performed automatically by specialized cognitive modules. Dissociation does not reflect the imposition of an amnestic barrier, but is rather the failure of these modules to be integrated by higher levels of the system (i.e., executive control structures associated with the frontal lobes).
Recognition in Posthypnotic Amnesia, Revisited
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2021
Although this paper is primarily concerned with the nature of posthypnotic amnesia, its findings are generally consistent with Hilgard’s (1977) neodissociation theory of divided consciousness. In this view, hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness whose characteristic phenomena involve dissociations between conscious and unconscious streams of mental activity (Kihlstrom, 1984, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2018). In the case of posthypnotic amnesia, the dissociation is between explicit expressions of episodic memory, such as recall, which require conscious awareness of some past event, and implicit expressions of memory, such as priming effects, which do not. Recognition memory is perhaps an interesting test case, because it can be mediated either by conscious recollection of a prior experience or by a priming-based feeling of familiarity leading to the inference that such an experience occurred. The present results suggest that familiarity-based recognition, based on priming, is relatively unimpaired during posthypnotic amnesia.
The Effect of Hypnosis on Adherence to Antituberculosis Drugs Using the Health Belief Model
Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 2018
Hanung Prasetya, Bhisma Murti, Sapja Anantanyu, Muchammad Syamsulhadi
There are theories of hypnosis that can be used to explain this improvement in treatment adherence. First, according to Hilgard’s Neo-Dissociation Theory, hypnotic phenomena are produced through a dissociation of high-level control systems. Dissociation (aka. divided consciousness) is a psychological process whereby information (incoming, stored or outgoing) is actively deflected and dissociated from integration with its usual or expected associations, producing an alteration in thoughts, feelings, or actions (West,* 1967). The dissociation concept can be used to explain why the posthypnotic suggestions can help remove the feeling of nausea that often causes in-adherence to treatment. By dissociation, the suggestions provided to the patients create a feeling as if their stomach is taken away from the body and thereby is not of their own. As a result, the hypnotized patients feel comfortable when taking unpleasant and multiple numbers of DOTS medicine to take at one session.