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Acute Alterations of Consciousness
Published in Rolland S. Parker, Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Alterations of consciousness symptoms are physiological, psychological reactions, partial seizure phenomena and hyperarousal, and also variations in the intensity of experience, ranging from gaps in awareness, to total absorption in activities (one is not aware of what is happening) and imaginative involvement (uncertainty as to whether something has occurred in reality as opposed to having dreamed it). The latter are items from dissociative experiences scale (DES). The frequency of items on DES varies in the population (cited in Alper et al., 1997).
The Role of Early Life Trauma in Somatization
Published in Kyle Brauer Boone, Neuropsychological Evaluation of Somatoform and Other Functional Somatic Conditions, 2017
Tara L. Victor, Kathleen M. Van Dyk
Nijenhuis (2004) makes the clinically useful distinction between psychoform dissociation (i.e., disturbances in memory, consciousness, identity, and/or perception of the external) and somatoform dissociation (cf. Table 2.1). Somatoform dissociation refers to dissociative disturbances/symptoms that involve the body, such as is the case in conversion disorder or other instances of somatization. While many have attempted to measure psychological dissociation using self-report questionnaires (e.g., the Dissociative Experiences Scale, DES; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986) or clinical interview (e.g., The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders, SCID-D; Steinberg, 1993), these instruments exclude somatic phenomena, focusing more on the psychoform disturbances in memory, identity, and consciousness. In contrast, Nijenhuis and colleagues (1996) developed the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20), which is a valid and reliable 20-item self-report Likert scaled measure that includes items involving sensory (e.g., “It sometimes happens that my body, or a part of it, feels numb”) or motor loss (e.g., “It sometimes happens that I am paralysed for a while”). Previously correlated with reported trauma (especially physical and sexual abuse; Nijenhuis, 2004), somatoform dissociation was positively correlated with psychological dissociation and best predicted by a history of threats to the body or one’s life and emotional neglect (Nijenhuis et al., 2004). The authors suggest that such a measure is particularly needed in contexts where patients are less likely to admit to psychological forms of dissociation (e.g., chronic pain clinics; Nijenhuis, 2004). The distinction between psychoform and somatoform dissociation may also have other implications for treatment recommendations as their relationship to emotion regulation is further investigated (van Dijke, 2012).
An addictive disorders severity model: a chained mediation analysis using structural equation modeling
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2023
Alessio Gori, Eleonora Topino, Marco Cacioppo, Giuseppe Craparo, Adriano Schimmenti, Vincenzo Caretti
The Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II) is a 28-item self-report measure designed to assess the presence, the quantity, and the type of dissociative symptoms using an 11-point Likert scale.61 The items range from 0% (“never”) to 100% (“always”) with participants’ responses indicating what percentage of the time certain dissociative experiences occur in their daily life when they are not under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Higher scores indicate greater levels of dissociation. Besides the total score, three subscales may be considered: dissociative amnesia (actions that the subject does not remember), absorption and imaginative involvement (level of focus on internal or external cues), and depersonalization-derealization (impairments in sensing that the self or the world is real). In this study, the total score gained by the Italian version of the DES-II was used62 (Cronbach’s α in the current research of .94).
Eating Disorders and Sexual Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Body Image Self-consciousness during Physical Intimacy and Dissociation
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2022
Zohar Spivak-Lavi, Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
Dissociation was measured by the Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES-II; Bernstein & Putnam, 1986), a 28-item self-report questionnaire that assesses psychological dissociation. The DES-II is designed to be used as a screening tool for dissociative disorders to help determine the contribution of dissociation to other potential psychiatric disorders. The scale measures the frequency of dissociative experiences, with items referring to experiences that may occur in one’s daily life (e.g., “some people have the experience of driving or riding in a car or bus or subway and suddenly realizing that they don’t remember what has happened during all or part of the trip”). Participants rated their answers on a ten-point Likert scale ranging from 0% (never) to 100% (always). Total scores range from 0–100, with higher scores indicating greater dissociation. The final dissociative score is computed as the mean of the 28 items. In the present study, the inventory was found to have excellent internal consistency (α = .93).
A preliminary study of the clinical differences between dissociative and nondissociative depression in Hong Kong: implications for mental health practice
Published in Social Work in Health Care, 2019
The Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon (DES-T) is an 8-item scale which primarily assesses the level of pathological psychoform dissociation (Waller, Putnam, & Carlson, 1996; Waller & Ross, 1997). The DES-T is originally a subscale of the DES, which is the most widely-used self-report dissociation measure with good reliability and validity (Bernstein & Putnam, 1986; Ross, 1997). Participants need to rate each item on a 11-point scale to indicate what percentage of the time a given experience happens to them (0% to 100%). For example, “some people have the experience of finding new things among their belongings that they do not remember buying. Select a number to show what percentage of the time this happens to you.” A cutoff score of 20 was recommended for detecting pathological dissociation (Waller & Ross, 1997). The Hong Kong Chinese version of the DES-T (HKC-DES-T) has established psychometric properties (Chan, Fung, Choi, & Ross, 2017; Fung et al., 2018). The DES-T has good internal consistency in the present sample (Cronbach’s alpha = .735).