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The Exercise Effect on Mental Health in Children and Adolescents
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
In a different study, Budde et al. (2008) had 115 participants aged 13–16 years randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. In the experimental condition, participants performed 10 minutes of coordinative/motor-demanding tasks. The control group participated in a regular physical education lesson with no motor focus but with the same intensity for the cardiovascular system (HR of 120 bpm). All participants performed a d2 test of attention (Brickenkamp 2002) prior and post the experimental condition. The authors found a positive effect on cognitive performance in the attention task in favor of the coordinative exercise group.
The effect of different exercise programmes on cognitive functioning in children and adolescents
Published in Romain Meeusen, Sabine Schaefer, Phillip Tomporowski, Richard Bailey, Physical Activity and Educational Achievement, 2017
Henning Budde, Flora Koutsandréou, Mirko Wegner
The acute study by Budde et al. (2008) randomly assigned 115 participants aged 13–16 years to an experimental or a control group. In the experimental condition, participants performed 10 minutes of coordinative/motor-demanding tasks. The control group participated in a regular physical education lesson with no motor focus but with the same intensity for the cardiovascular system (HR of 120 bpm). All participants performed the d2 test of attention (Brickenkamp, 2002) before and after the experimental condition. The authors found a positive effect on cognitive performance in the attention task in favour of the coordinative exercise group.
Menopause and cognitive complaints: are ovarian hormones linked with subjective cognitive decline?
Published in Climacteric, 2021
R. Reuben, L. Karkaby, C. McNamee, N. A. Phillips, G. Einstein
Two studies examined the relationship between cognitive complaints and neuropsychological tasks in perimenopausal women. Twenty-four perimenopausal American women (aged 40–57 years; not taking HT; cognitively normal) were evaluated for memory complaints using the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ) [31]. Forty-six percent reported memory problems of moderate severity or greater. Higher MFQ scores were associated with worse encoding on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT) and working memory performance on the Letter–Number Sequencing task. Serum estradiol levels collected at testing predicted encoding performance, but were not correlated with memory complaints. In a study of 75 American perimenopausal women (aged 40–60 years; not taking HT), 67% (n = 50) reported some degree of memory loss and 41% (n = 31) reported moderate severity or greater [32]. While memory complaints were not related to serum estradiol, MFQ scores were negatively associated with working memory performance on the Letter–Number Sequencing task and complex attention/vigilance on the D2 Test of Attention. However, 13% of participants (n = 10) performed within the borderline impaired to impaired range on the RAVLT.
Self-Control Strength and Mindfulness in Physical Exercise Performance: Does a Short Mindfulness Induction Compensate for the Detrimental Ego Depletion Effect?
Published in Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2019
Eva Stocker, Chris Englert, Roland Seiler
The direct effect of a mindfulness induction on subsequent self-control performance was investigated in a sample of participants attending a 3-day introductory seminar on mindfulness meditation (Friese, Messner, & Schaffner, 2012). The participants were randomly assigned to one of the following three conditions: a suppression group, a suppression plus meditation group, or a control group. First, self-control strength was experimentally manipulated. The participants in the suppression and the suppression plus meditation groups worked on an emotion suppression task, whereas the participants from the control group worked on a similar task that did not require self-control. Following this primary task, all the participants performed an intermediate task for 5 min. The suppression and control groups performed a neutral connect-the-dots figure task, whereas the suppression plus meditation group meditated for the same amount of time. Finally, all the participants completed the d2 Test of Attention as a secondary self-control task, which has been shown to require self-control (Baumeister et al., 1998). The d2 test is an attentional test in which one has to cross out all target characters with two dashes placed above or below the letter “d” (Brickenkamp, 1981). The results revealed that the participants from the suppression plus meditation group performed significantly better in the secondary self-control task than those in the suppression group and equally well as the control group. In conclusion, a short mindfulness meditation could counteract the negative effects of ego depletion on attention regulation (i.e., a self-control act). The results demonstrate the beneficial effects of short-time mindfulness exercises on performance in tasks requiring attentional control (Friese et al., 2012) and complement other results on the effects of brief mindfulness meditation on attentional processes (e.g., Jha et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2007).
Cognitive outcomes after cochlear implantation in older adults: A systematic review
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2018
Annes J. Claes, Paul Van de Heyning, Annick Gilles, Vincent Van Rompaey, Griet Mertens
Mosnier et al. (2015) were the first to systematically investigate the cognitive outcomes after cochlear implantation in older adults with modern, multi-electrode CIs. All CI recipients entered, by default, the postactivation aural rehabilitation program, which involves speech perception tasks and semantic and cognitive tasks that engage memory, attention span, speed of processing, and mental flexibility (Table 1, Risk of bias D). Ninety-four older adults between the age of 65 and 85, without any major cognitive impairment, were enrolled in the study. The average duration of profound hearing loss at the implanted ear was 11 years (±15.1). A cognitive test battery was administered prior to and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. The test battery consisted of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1975), the Five-Word Test (FWT) (Dubois et al., 2002), Clock drawing test (CDT), d2 test of attention (Brickenkamp and Zillner, 1990) and TMT parts A and B (Tombaugh, 2004) (Appendix 3). Written instructions were given. Yet, no additional adjustments at item level were reported (Table 1, Risk of bias A). In case of the MMSE, four points to be obtained rely on hearing, which possibly causes a slight underestimation of the preoperative performance on this test. Results on each test were classified as either normal or abnormal with respect to the normative data. Participants were categorized in two groups for each individual test, based on the preimplantation score for that test: participants with normal and participants with abnormal preoperative scores for the test (number of participants in each group varies for each test). The participants with preoperative abnormal scores showed significant improvements in all tests except in the CDT. The improvement was significant as early as six months for the MMSE (P = 0.02), the FWT (P = 0.004), the d2 test of attention (speed) (P = 0.008), and the TMT part B (P = 0.03), and became significant at 12 months for the TMT part A (P = 0.02) and the number of errors on the d2 test of attention (P < 0.001). The participants with normal preoperative scores remained stable over time for most tests. A significant decline was observed, however, in performance on the FWT at 6 and 12 months (P = 0.002). Also the CDT presented a significant decline at 12 months after implantation (P = 0.046). No control group was included to correct for a possible practice effect (Table 1, Risk of bias B). Parametric paired-samples t test is adequate given the large sample size and the repeated measures in the same subject. However, no correction for multiple testing is applied. Moreover, splitting the group based on measurements that are part of the outcome measurements induces regression to the mean, a statistical phenomenon (Barnett et al., 2005) (Table 1, Risk of bias C).