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Therapeutic approaches for young offenders
Published in Panos Vostanis, Helping Children and Young People Who Experience Trauma, 2021
Primary or universal services aim to help any children or families to prevent youth crime. Overall, these try to enhance protective factors at home, school or in the community, while reducing the impact of risks through various types of parent training; family support; educational opportunities; leisure, sports and other extracurricular activities; inter-agency community services; and vibrant rather than neglected and isolated neighbourhoods. These can all build protective layers for children and young people with a disadvantaged start in life. Understanding crime patterns can lead to situational crime prevention, for example through reduced suitability of potential targets or increased surveillance. Several solutions may need to be tried to tackle the problem.
Ethics and Criminal Justice Research
Published in Michael C. Braswell, Belinda R. McCarthy, Bernard J. McCarthy, Justice, Crime, and Ethics, 2019
Belinda R. McCarthy, Bernard J. McCarthy, Jennifer A. Pealer
Although there is little possibility of behavior modifications being used to exact such effect in the near future, the question remains: To what extent should experimental efforts be made to alter human behavior against the will of the participant? Remembering the vulnerability of the inmate to coercion (in the film, Alex only participated in the violence control therapy because he thought it would help him gain early release), it becomes clear that the greatest desire to use behavior control strategies will be evident in areas involving those persons most vulnerable to coercion—criminals and persons with problems of substance abuse. Although research on crime prevention and control generally has only the most laudable aims, it should be remembered that it is often well-intentioned actions that pose the greatest threat to individual freedoms and self-determination.
The Ends of Policing
Published in John Kleinig, Ends and Means in Policing, 2019
Do we wish to limit the ends of policing to those suggested by the Metropolitan Police focus—the prevention, detection, and prosecution of crime? We need not question the centrality of “law enforcement” or crime prevention, etc. to police work in order to suggest that it should be viewed more broadly. When the London Metropolitan Police Force was formed, there is no doubt that it was purposed largely in anti-crime terms. The blight of crime generated a need for some improved institutional response, and the Metropolitan Police joined with a number of other institutions that were already operating to make more effective and socially fairer inroads on crime.
Can School Lockdowns Save Lives? An Assessment of Drills and Use in Real-World Events
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2023
Jaclyn Schildkraut, Emily Greene-Colozzi, Amanda B. Nickerson, Allyson Florczykowski
The primary independent variable of interest was whether a lockdown of any kind was successfully implemented during the shooting (0 = No; 1 = Yes). The following additional variables related to security features were included as indicators of target “hardness” and also were coded dichotomously: whether any armed or unarmed security personnel were present during the shooting, if the site had CCTV cameras, if there was an enclosing fence or gate, and if there was some form of entrance control for gaining access, such as buzzer-controlled access, ID badges, or other personnel. The latter three variables – CCTV, gate, and entrance control – were combined into a scale index of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) to account for their cumulative protective effects at the sites. Finally, the codebook included two types of resolution errors: errors in first response, such as police delays, 9-1-1 operator mistakes, and police failures, and errors in SCP implementation, such as failure to follow emergency alert or drill procedures, security guard errors and abandonment, and issues with place management and guardianship. Both error variables were measured dichotomously.
An Examination of School Resource Officers as an Approach to Reduce Social Disturbances in Schools: Evidence from a National Longitudinal Study
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2021
Deanna N. Devlin, Benjamin W. Fisher
The focal independent variable in this study was the implementation of SROs with different role profiles. We used the approach of Fisher and Devlin (2019) and conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) of seven survey items in which administrators reported whether the SRO engaged in any of seven activities (0 = No, 1 = Yes): (a) security enforcement and patrol, (b) maintaining school discipline and safety, (c) coordination with local police and emergency team, (d) identifying problems in the school and proactively seeking solutions to those problems, (e) training teachers and staff in school safety or crime prevention, (f) mentoring students, and (g) teaching a law-related education course or training students (e.g., drug-related education, criminal law or crime prevention course). We replicated the three-class solution identified by Fisher and Devlin (2019) that yielded three latent classes of SROs: Low Engagement SROs (17.1% of the sample), Reactionary SROs (32.6%) and Full Triad SROs (50.0%).
School Principals’ Perceptions of Crime Risk and Academic Climate: Links to School Safety Practices
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2020
Physical security strategies seek to enhance safety by altering physical design or environment (Astor et al., 2005; Tanner-Smith et al., 2018). Physical measures have become popular as a result of technological advancement and public desire for surveillance in school (Garcia, 2003). Surveillance cameras and metal detectors are the most widely used physical approaches to security in schools (Greene, 2005). Other common physical security measures include the use of security guards or police officers, and random dog deployment (Dwyer & Osher, 2000). The impact of physical security measures has been the subject of debate. Some studies have reported that police officers and metal detectors have counterproductive influences on crime prevention (e.g., Gastic, 2011; Muschert et al., 2014). Other research suggests a deterrent impact of physical strategies on school crime (e.g., Bennett-Johnson, 2004), and that physical measures may be more effective when they are accompanied with other safety measures (Brady et al., 2007).