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Cognitive symptoms related to executive functions
Published in Aurora Lassaletta, Ruth Clarke, The Invisible Brain Injury, 2019
I have always been a very adaptable person; I’ve lived in different countries and different houses, driven different cars, travelled and encountered far-away places and met very different people who became my friends. Now, however, I prefer to be in a familiar or structured environment, as I need things around me to stay the same and not change too much. It’s not easy for me to deal with someone new supervising my sports activities or rehabilitation, and I take a long time to adjust to new people. More significant changes, like someone new helping me with domestic tasks, affect me even more and cause significant internal disorganisation. People who suffer brain injury have fewer cognitive resources to deal with change. Getting out of a routine means implementing a new plan of action, “recognising” the new thing and adapting to it, whether this is a person, a bus journey or a kitchen. This means that you can’t function using the system you know: processes that were once automatic (because they have been repeated many times) now have to be conscious, with the increase in resources that that requires. We can understand that the direct consequence will be that the tendency to become tired appears earlier and is more intense.
Generative Cognitive, Emotional, and Somatic Strategies for Self-Care
Published in Shamit Kadosh, Asaf Rolef Ben-Shahar, Incorporating Psychotherapeutic Concepts and Interventions Within Medicine, 2019
Shamit Kadosh, Asaf Rolef Ben-Shahar
Cognitive resources attribute to our personal philosophy regarding life, belief system, way of thinking, values, and meaning. They have profound impact on the way we perceive suffering and respond to; how we comprehend our roles as doctors and behave; how we imbue meaning and self-compassion to our practice and let ourselves define the framework by which we summon self-care. Throughout life we internalise and develop attitudes, values, and core beliefs stemmed from our families, cultural environment, and life experience. Since these factors filter our perceptions and form our behaviour, we should broaden our awareness so we can decide which parts are resourcing and which ones need to be changed (Suchman & Ramamurthy, 2014).
From assessment to intervention
Published in Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino, Understanding Rett Syndrome, 2019
Rosa Angela Fabio, Tindara Caprì, Gabriella Martino
Automatism refers to the dynamics from controlled processing to automatic processing of attention. In any starting step of a task, we initially use controlled processes of attention to learn and so performance is slow, awkward, and prone to errors. We can say that the full amount of our memory load is engaged; we can say, in other words, that all our cognitive resources are engaged to learn the new task. For example, we can think of a child who is learning to add up two numbers. It is very difficult initially for the child to bear in mind the first number, to memorize the second number, to recall the first, and to sum both. It is difficult also to understand that the plus sign means “to add”, “to join”, but also “become bigger”, “go on”, and so on. So, when the teacher asks the child to add the toys of Mary to the toys of Marc, he thinks hard, he does it slowly, and then reaches the result. During his problem solving, if someone asks him something else, he makes mistakes in the calculation and forgets the result. As training proceeds, the performance requires less vigilance, becomes faster, and errors decrease, a transformation that can be defined as “automatism”. With learning, the attentive strategies that once needed control become automatic (Caprì et al., 2019; Fabio & Caprì, 2015; 2017; 2019; Fabio, Castriciano, & Rondanini, 2015; Martino et al., 2017).
Effects of total sleep deprivation on execution lapses during vigilance tasks
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Jingqiang Li, Yanru Zhou, Xining Zhang, Qingfu Wang, Lu Zhang
Cognitive function has been shown to fluctuate with biological rhythms at certain times of the day (Lavie 2001). Similarly, this research showed that the peak of the four execution lapses lied between 3:00 and 7:00, in line with the Window of Circadian Low (WOCL) of the body (between 3:00 and 6:00). Existing studies have already documented that physiological sleepiness is most pronounced and productivity and alertness are lowest during this time (Malpas and Purdie 1990; Valdez 2019). Meanwhile, sleep deprivation causes remarkable inhibition impairment, further resulting in exhaustion of cognitive resources. Therefore, a significant increase in execution lapses (except for CJ-EF), prolonged reaction times, and reduced correctness were found after prolonged wakefulness, in conformity with past reports (Falkenstein et al. 1999). Nevertheless, even after a long period of wakefulness, individuals’ attentional performance can slowly resume the next morning, owing to the role of biological rhythms in regulating their concentration. Additionally, we found randomness in the number of lapses in execution errors after correct decisions (CJ-EF), while lapses in execution with E-RTs showed a clear consistency with circadian rhythms. This result can be explained by the fact that individuals’ thinking and decision-making processes are more susceptible to rhythmic influence compared to executive control.
The mediating effect of workers’ situation awareness on the relationship between work-related factors and human error: a path analysis approach
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Mohsen Mahdinia, Iraj Mohammadfam, Mostafa Mirzaei Aliabadi, Hamed Aghaei, Ali Reza Soltanian, Ahmad Soltanzadeh
Stress is one mechanism through which the effect of mental workload on situation awareness can be explained. Mental workload can induce stress in humans. Stress affects the cognitive mechanisms processed in the anterior part of the brain, hence the chance of making risky decisions or suffering from decision disorders increases [87]. High stress limits eyesight and reduces the amount of information obtained before making a decision, making workers come to quick decisions [88]. Another approach states that there should be a balance between work needs and a person’s abilities. The more work that is needed and the more complex a job is, the more cognitive load is required to evaluate and perform the task and fewer cognitive resources are left to monitor, interpret, comprehend and update information [21].
The Effects of Perceived Enjoyment of Activities on Cognition in Late-Life
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2022
Hannah D. Gardner, Jessica V. Strong, Benjamin T. Mast
Additionally, the SST applied to the later developmental stages of life (Carstensen, Fung, & Charles, 2003) has shown time and time again that older adults are motivated more in this stage of life to find emotional meaning in relationships and activities. Participating in activities that are more enjoyable may not only be driven by the SST, but also by a decrease in the cognitive demand required for enjoyable activities compared to less enjoyable tasks (Urry et al., 2009; Winecoff et al., 2011). Perhaps pleasant activities are more personally meaningful and tailored to the interests and preferences of the individual. Promoting cognitive and psychological health requires more than keeping busy. People need to engage in activities that they enjoy and that keep them active. This would become increasingly important for less healthy older adults, including those with cognitive impairment, such that limited cognitive resources get committed to only the most enjoyable and meaningful activities. This suggests that activity planning be tailored to the interests of the person.