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Use of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in Pharmaceutical Applications
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Backward chaining is a term used to describe running the rules in a “goal-driven” way, that is, in this technique, there is always a “goal” or “conclusion” to be satisfied and a specific reason why rules are tested and it is by far the most common strategy used in the simple RBSs, and A “goal” is an attribute for which the ES tries to establish a value. In backward chaining, if a piece of information is needed, the program will automatically check all the rules to see if there is a rule that could provide the needed information. The program (inference engine) will then “chain” to this rule before completing the first rule. This new rule may require information that can be found in yet another rule. The program will then again automatically test this new rule. The logic of why the information is needed goes backward through the chain of rules. Backward chaining is much slower than forward chaining since in the latter technique, all of the rules do not have to be fired every time to determine whether the information can be derived.
Intelligent Approaches for Developing Knowledge-Based System for Diabetes Diet
Published in Abdel-Badeeh M. Salem, Innovative Smart Healthcare and Bio-Medical Systems, 2020
Ibrahim M. Ahmed, Marco Alfonse, Abdel-Badeeh M. Salem
The term “knowledge engineering” refers to computer-based symbolic reasoning issues such as knowledge representation, acquisition, explanism, and self-awareness or self-modification. The inference engine makes inferences. It decides which rules are satisfied by the facts, prioritizes them, and executes the rule with the highest priority. There are two types of inference: forward chaining and backward chaining. Forward chaining is the reasoning from facts to the conclusion, while backward chaining is from hypothesis to facts that match and check for halt.
Paper 1: Answers
Published in Sabina Burza, Beata Mougey, Srinivas Perecherla, Nakul Talwar, Practice Examination Papers for the MRCPsych Part 1, 2018
Sabina Burza, Beata Mougey, Srinivas Perecherla, Nakul Talwar
K. Shaping is a technique used in people with learning disability, where successively closer approximations to the desired behaviour are reinforced until it is finally achieved. Chaining, on the other hand, is where a complex behaviour is first broken down into steps, which are taught separately and, when achieved, finally linked together to produce the complex behaviour. Forward chaining refers to learning the first steps of the behaviour initially. Backward chaining refers to learning the last steps initially. (5: pp.7-8)
Application of motor learning in neurorehabilitation: a framework for health-care professionals
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Melanie Kleynen, Anna Beurskens, Huub Olijve, Jip Kamphuis, Susy Braun
The therapist chooses a calm learning environment with few distracting factors using a bed with adjustable height. The therapist can structure the learning process according to the principle of forward/backward chaining. This means that the patient realizes the first step of the motor task herself (e.g. parking the wheelchair correctly alongside bed). The therapist supports the patient during the subsequent steps (e.g. through manual assistance and demonstrations [more implicit]). Once the patient has mastered the first step independently and safely, she can try to carry out the second step. In this way, the patient is actively involved in the learning process and the therapist can still make sure that the number of errors is limited. In backward chaining, the procedure is followed inversely: the therapist assists in the realization of the first steps and the patient carries out the last step independently. Chaining is a way to structure the learning process and to prevent errors. The principle of chaining is suitable for this type of task because transferring from wheelchair to bed can be clearly divided into sub-steps and has a specific final goal (closed and discrete task).
Backward chaining and speech-output technologies to enhance functional communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder and developmental disabilities
Published in Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 2019
Reem Muharib, Nouf M. Alzrayer, Charles L. Wood, Ashely P. Voggt
Chaining is a behavior-analytic strategy used to teach complex skills by breaking down these skills into individual responses and teaching them sequentially. One chaining strategy is backward chaining, in which the instructor starts teaching the individual from the last step to the first step of the behavior chain (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). Several studies have demonstrated positive effects of using backward chaining in teaching self-feeding skills (Rubio, Pichardo, & Borrero, 2018), echoic skills (Tarbox et al., 2009), and writing skills (Moore et al., 2013); however, there is limited empirical evidence supporting the use of backward chaining as a behavior strategy to teach augmented communication. In one of a few studies, King et al. (2014) used backward chaining in addition to other behavior-analytic strategies to teach augmented communication using Proloquo2Go®2 application on an iPad. The results indicated that the behavior intervention package was effective in teaching multistep requesting and the emergence of natural speech production.