China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
A Generic Framework for Adaptive EEG-Based BCI Training and Operation
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Jelena Mladenović, Jérémie Mattout, Fabien Lotte
ITS adapt content and activities for the purpose of challenging and guiding students in an optimal way, that is, preventing them from being too overwhelmed with difficult material or too bored with easy or repetitive material (Murray and Arroyo 2002). There are many methods dealing with adapting the content of the task to keep students’ attention and motivation up, and most of them are inspired by the following two approaches: (i) maintaining the zone of proximal development (ZPD) (Vygotsky 1978) and (ii) being in flow (Nakamura and Csikszentmihalyi 2014). The first, based on cognitive developmental theory for instructional design (Luckin 2001), may guide an indirect estimation of the person’s cognitive resources (Allal and Ducrey 2000). Flow, originating from positive psychology, is an autotelic (self-rewarding) state, where one is immersed in a task so that one loses the sense of time, of self, and of the environment. They both concord with theories of intrinsic motivation, which suggest that motivation and learning improve if the proposed exercises are at a level that is slightly higher than the current user’s skill level.
Clinician self-care
Published in Stephen Buetow, Person-centred Health Care, 2016
There is scope for clinicians to self-care, in part, by managing their work through gratification for it. These clinicians optimally experience even objectively adverse work conditions. They achieve this autotelic state of ‘flow’ by understanding that what ultimately counts is their conscious attitude toward these conditions. Thus, they develop a positive attitude by finding meaning in their work and its purpose of supporting health and healing. With pride and humility, they recognize as a gift their opportunity to work as clinicians. They understand that this opportunity is a privilege, a prize that makes them privy to some of the most intimate aspects and moments of patients’ lives. For the gains that patients, in turn, have made, these clinicians are not jealous but happy; just as John Keats explained his pain in Ode to a Nightingale by stating, ‘’Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,/But being too happy in thine happiness.’ This positive mindset is conducive to work engagement and intrinsic satisfaction as well as material rewards, elevated social status and power. Especially with role convergence and democratization of health care, the privileges can become normalized and invisible to clinicians. However, personal and professional development (see below) can enable clinicians to acquire self-knowledge; rediscover who they are, not merely what they have; and celebrate their identity. Regardless of whether they can ameliorate their work conditions, gratitude then helps to produce self-care through maintaining a positive attitude that balances rather than erases work stress.
Conclusion
Published in Christopher Ziguras, Self-Care, 2004
One elaboration of such a self-activating politics is Giddens’ notion of a ‘generative politics’ which ‘seeks to allow individuals and groups to make things happen, rather than have things happen to them, in the context of overall social concerns and goals’ (Giddens 1994a:15). Radical political programmes, he argues, must bring together such a generative politics (which aims at expanding the scope for action) and a life politics (which provides a moral-political framework for the exercise of autonomous action). Generative politics would be facilitated through systems of ‘positive welfare’, which would be directed to fostering an autotelic self in which an inner confidence which comes from self-respect, and one where a sense of ontological security, originating in basic trust, allows for the positive appreciation of social difference. It refers to a person able to translate potential threats into rewarding challenges, someone who is able to turn entropy into a consistent flow of experience. The autotelic self does not seek to neutralize risk or to suppose that ‘someone will take care of the problem’ risk is confronted as the active challenge which generates self-actualization.(Giddens 1994a:192)
Physical Pain as Pleasure: A Theoretical Perspective
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2020
Cara R. Dunkley, Craig D. Henshaw, Saira K. Henshaw, Lori A. Brotto
What underlies the desire to experience pain with respect to masochism? Based on extensive ethnographic research in a public BDSM community, Newmahr (2010) proposed four discourses of pain within the context of BDSM, with transformed pain and autotelic pain being particularly relevant. Transformed pain centers on the reframing of pain, such that pain is experienced as “not hurting” (p. 398) and instead is transformed almost instantly into pleasure. This discourse frames pain as an objective stimulus wherein pain is real but rendered as something other; it does not hurt and is thus not bad. In this sense, the Bottom actively modifies painful sensations in such a way that it is processed as not pain and experienced as pleasure. Conversely, autotelic pain describes the enjoyment of actual pain: The pain hurts, but the hurt feels good. The intersection of pain and pleasure with respect to autotelic pain is the experience of pain hurting in a way that is enjoyable. Sacrificial pain, or pain for a greater good, frames pain as a steadily undesirable sensation that the Bottom suffers in sacrifice (e.g., punishment and discipline). Investment pain is described as an “unpleasant stimulus that promises future rewards” (p. 402); reward is found as a result of the pain or from having withstood pain, instead of pleasure being taken from pain itself.
Surgery: an ideal profession
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Csikszentmihalyi’s studies were designed to investigate what made a behavior intrinsically rewarding, recognizing that if an experience is enjoyable, we want to replicate it as often as possible. The flow experience describes the pleasant sensation we receive when we are doing something that is worth doing for its own sake. He established that we are motivated to do what we believe is important, and what we want to do does not depend directly on outside forces but on priorities established by our own desires. Autotelic motivation is a goal primarily for the enjoyment derived by the experience rather than any future rewards or advantages it may bring.
Task Enjoyment as an Individual Difference Construct
Published in Journal of Personality Assessment, 2021
Thomas Czikmantori, Marie Hennecke, Veronika Brandstätter
To answer the first research question, we developed and validated the Trait Task Enjoyment Scale (TTES). So far, only measures of the autotelic personality have addressed individual differences in task enjoyment. The TTES differs from them in two important ways: First, it does not focus on flow, but aims to cover all qualities of task enjoyment. Second it does not focus on one task (Jackson & Eklund, 2002) but on tasks in general. In Study 1, we examined the psychometric properties of and a wide nomological net for the TTES.