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The who, what, where, when, why and how of picking, pulling and biting behaviors
Published in Stacy K. Nakell, Treatment for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, 2023
Researchers have come to understand automatic BFRBs in two very different ways. Those from the CBT perspective have determined that automatic BFRBs are more like habits than responses to emotions. Thus, they hypothesize that behavioral treatments should be adequate to address automatic behaviors. As Jones et al. (2018) explain, “‘automatic’ pulling or picking behaviors being more habit-like and is engaged in with less conscious awareness … ‘Focused’ BFRBs are characterized as being engaged in more consciously and often serve to regulate uncomfortable physical sensations or emotions” (p. 729).
Sleep–Wake Disorders
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Margaret Kay-Stacey, Eunice Torres-Rivera, Phyllis C. Zee
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is the most common and typically the most disabling symptom in the majority of patients with narcolepsy. The symptom of excessive sleepiness is often the first to occur. In cases of severe sleepiness, episodes of ‘automatic behavior’ may occur, during which the patient performs an activity (such as taking notes or driving), in a semiautomatic fashion, without full consciousness or memory of the event. Patients not only have irresistible urges to sleep and difficulty maintaining wakefulness, but also experience problems with memory and attention.37 Sleep attacks may occur during unusual circumstances such as while talking, eating, or driving. Naps tend to be of short duration (10–30 minutes or less) and are usually refreshing.
Managing trauma exposure and developing resilience in the midst of COVID-19
Published in J. Michael Ryan, COVID-19, 2020
Johanna Soet Buzolits, Ann Abbey, Kate Kittredge, Ann E. C. Smith
“Finding balance,” on the western side of the compass, is an ongoing, never-ending practice. One will never succeed in finding the perfect combination to achieve balance; an individual’s needs and the external pressures that impact those needs are constantly changing. On a global scale, the COVID-19 crisis has disrupted people’s sense of balance, of everyday, of their okay-ness. Automatic behaviors built into the fabric of people’s lives – their daily commute, making lunches for school or work, listening to the radio in the car, wake up and bedtimes – have been interrupted. In addition, a larger sense of safety has been disrupted. Behaviors that seemed innocuous before, such as going to the store or playground, now appear fraught with danger and a possible threat to one’s life. However unsettling this dramatic shift is, perhaps this change in perception and subsequent sense of imbalance contributed to increased awareness and empathy for the struggles of diverse others. On a grand scale, society is having to consciously re-create a sense of balance from a completely new and foreign landscape. The more flexible, creative, aware, and thoughtful we are, the better able we are to create balanced and healthy lives and communities, even during a global crisis.
The aim of clinical hypnosis—intelligence or compliance?
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2022
The turn of the century brought with it a mini-revolution in the cognitive sciences. Equipped with impressive new technology and methodology, researchers are now able to systematically observe and measure unconscious processes, resulting in what Hassin, Uleman, and Bargh (2004) call the New Unconscious. While some scholars, such as Rodolfa and Schaffer (2021), argue against the underlying assumption of “the existence of the unconscious as a specific and modifiable entity” (p. 293), the well-established use of hypnosis to mediate goal-oriented processes, without conscious oversight (e.g., post-hypnotic suggestion), implicates the involvement of higher cognition (i.e., evaluating circumstances and implementing goal-oriented behavior). Though we could attribute these automatic behaviors (that are novel, purposeful, and contextually relevant) to the conscious intelligence of an external operator (absolute compliance), it is doubtful that enough instructions from a therapist could be offered to cover every possible contingency associated with a complex life problem. If experts define intelligence as the creative use of knowledge to overcome problems (Kaufman, 2013), then might the creative use of suggestion to solve problems (without conscious involvement) be recognized as unconscious intelligence?
Expressing unconscious general knowledge using Chevreul’s pendulum
Published in American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 2022
In therapy, facilitating the expression of sensitive knowledge by the feeling one is not responsible for it, can be achieved by using suggestions for automatic behavior, mainly but not necessarily in a hypnotic context. Earlier we distinguished pure ideomotor action, small motions produced by imagining an action, from larger motor behaviors caused by cold control (e.g. hypnosis). The latter, for example a suggested finger movement, also involves the sense that one is not the agent of the action. Such actions are sometimes called ideomotor as well, but we suggest they involve a different mechanism: Cold control (e.g. hypnosis) vs. the muscular spillover effects of purely imagining an action (ideomotor action). From Janet to Hilgard (1977), it has been evident that sometimes information can be available to one response (e.g. automatic writing, Short, 2021, or the hidden observer) that is unavailable to another (for example, only the hidden observer reports the painful nature of a noxious stimulus).
Dissociative Symptoms are Highly Prevalent in Adults with Narcolepsy Type 1
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Laury Quaedackers, Hal Droogleever Fortuyn, Merel Van Gilst, Martijn Lappenschaar, Sebastiaan Overeem
The ’formal’ diagnosis based on the SCAN 2.1 interview is mainly indicating the significant presence of dissociative symptoms, but obviously, caution should be exercised regarding the underlying cause. Symptoms due to a periodic lowering of consciousness with an organic cause, as in narcolepsy, and symptoms due to a presumed functional cause of changed consciousness, as in dissociation disorder, could very well be similar. Symptoms such as dissociative amnesia and trance experience could be caused by the excessive daytime sleepiness, characteristic for narcolepsy. Moreover, automatic behavior as a result of hypersomnolence is often reported in narcolepsy, involving sometimes bizarre behavior accompanied by amnesia (Sturzenegger & Bassetti, 2004). This could very well match the description of a “dissociative fugue” according to the DSM-IV-TR or a “sleep-related dissociative disorder” according to the ICD-10.