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Through pain
Published in Stephen Buetow, Rethinking Pain in Person-Centred Health Care, 2020
can infuse pain with affective meaning;45 modulate overall perception of pain, at least when short-lived, without requiring endogenous opioids to activate;46,47 and reduce the use and risk of misuse of pain medication.48 However, for positive effects on persistent pain, the evidence for the effectiveness of mindfulness is currently mixed or unclear.49 The attentional shift from rumination to equanimity overlaps moreover with inducing “flow” as a mental state of optimal experience (see Chapter 10),50 and using purposeful distraction as a strategy for coping with pain.
Treating Chronic Pain in Personality-Disordered Patients
Published in Andrea Kohn Maikovich-Fong, Handbook of Psychosocial Interventions for Chronic Pain, 2019
Paradoxically, despite the observed propensity for BPD patients to develop chronic pain conditions, this population commonly demonstrates decreased acute pain sensitivity as brought about by self-injurious behaviors (Sansone & Sansone, 2007). Research into this “pain paradox” has implicated dissociative states, aversive arousal, enhanced anti-nociception brought about from repeated self-inflicted injuries, attentional shift, lowered body awareness, and associated neuroanatomical abnormalities associated with BPD in the reduced experience of acute pain (Carpenter & Trull, 2015; Ducasse et al., 2014; Ginzburg, Biran, Aryeh, Tsur, & Defrin, 2017; Koenig, Thayer, & Kaess, 2016; Magerl, Burkart, Fernandez, Schmidt, & Treede, 2012).
Hyperkinetic Disorder
Published in MS Thambirajah, Case Studies in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2018
The nature of the principal psychological abnormalities or deficits that are associated with HKD (and ADHD) have been extensively studied over the last half century or more. But, to date, there is little agreement among researchers as to how the psychological mechanisms that are central to HKD are best understood. First, in spite of its name, there is little objective evidence of a deficit in attention in children with ADHD (and HKD). Second, the psychological construct of attention is not a unitary concept. It comprises at least three elements: selective attention, sustained attention and attentional shift. There is little consistent evidence of impairment in any of these components of attention in ADHD. Third, it is unclear what particular psychological functions are measured by conventional tests of attention such as continuous performance tests.
Neural Correlates of Visual Attention and Short-Term Memory in Children with Reading Difficulty
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2023
Alexis F. Koffman, Erica Flaten, Amy S. Desroches, Richard S. Kruk
Perspectives on this impairment include “sluggish attentional shift” involving reduced efficiency in directing attention to target locations and in ignoring irrelevant stimuli (Banfi et al., 2017; Franceschini et al., 2012), but alternative perspectives cite deficits in sustaining (Van der Lubbe, de Kleine, & Rataj, 2019) and disengaging attention (Fu, Zhao, Ding, & Wang, 2019). These patterns of impairment could be a product of anomalous spatial distribution of SVA. For example, attentional gradients (attentional capacity variations due to target-cue eccentricity) show a diffuse attentional state that, unlike typical readers, does not become more-focused when identifying visual targets in central compared to peripheral locations (Geiger et al., 2008). Additionally, children with reading difficulty may have a weak spotlight of attention, involving access to fewer attentional resources than typical readers that are maximally applied to both central and peripheral locations (Moores, Tsouknida, & Romani, 2015). If children with reading difficulty have a weak attentional spotlight that is applied equally in central and peripheral areas, this would appear as a diffuse attentional state.
Age-related Differences and Individual Differences of the Positivity Effect in Korean Older Adults: Focused on Attentional Process for Emotional Faces
Published in Experimental Aging Research, 2021
A dot-probe task was used to examine whether older adults in South Korea show the positivity effect in attentional processing. Previous studies investigating time-dependent attentional bias suggested that the first automatic attentional shift occurs at 100 ms, the first overt attention at 500 ms, and the maintenance of attention during multiple attentional orientings and gazes occurs after 1000 ms (Cooper & Langton, 2006; Mogg & Bradley, 2006). The positivity effect is known to occur in relatively late stages of cognitive processing, in steps involving cognitive control. Therefore, in order to clearly understand the characteristics of the positivity effect, we divided the stimulus presentation time into 500 ms and 1000 ms. We hypothesized that older adults would show more positivity at the presentation duration of 500 ms and less negativity at presentation times of 1000 ms, whereas younger adults would not show attentional bias regardless of stimulation conditions.
Diurnal gait fluctuations in single- and dual- task conditions
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
N. Bessot, R. Polyte, M. Quesney, J. Bulla, A. Gauthier
Walking is considered to be an automated rhythmic motor behavior and as a neuromechanical system led by subcortical brain regions. Nevertheless, several studies demonstrated that ensuring a safe and efficient gait needs a little attention (for a review see Beauchet and Berrut 2006). Processes governing gait are multiple, entailing neuromuscular, somatosensorial, and cognitive control ones (Clark 2015; Yogev et al. 2005). All of them exhibit variable influence on gait, according to the nature of the investigation. The most realistic setting is the dual task situation. It consists of walking and concomitantly carrying out another activity, for example, texting on one’s mobile phone, listening to music, or talking to someone (Beauchet and Berrut 2006; Magnani et al. 2017). The dual task condition requires more brain concentration capacity than the single-task condition. However, this capacity is limited, since the brain mainly focuses on the second activity and this attentional shift could lead to a less controlled and riskier gait. To better understand gait, it is necessary to closely examine the different parameters that compose it.