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Exercise testing in children
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Craig Williams, Melitta McNarry, Keith Tolfrey
Anaerobic testing protocols for children are less well developed than aerobic tests with no ‘gold-standard’ measure (Ingle and Tolfrey, 2013) and significant variations in methodologies used. The most widely used measure remains the Wingate test, commonly conducted on a cycle ergometer for 30 s, although other exercise modalities and test durations can be used (Chia et al., 1997; McNarry et al., 2011). The Wingate test allows the determination of peak power, mean power and fatigue index. These power metrics are influenced by the load applied; a load of 75 g and 45 g·kg-1 body mass are recommended for lower- and upper-body Wingate tests, respectively. A rolling start is advisable to avoid issues with overcoming flywheel inertia which are likely to be greater in younger and/or smaller children. A limitation of the Wingate test is that it is not a truly anaerobic test, with a significant aerobic contribution that depends on the exercise modality, age and training status (Chia et al., 1997; McNarry et al., 2011).
Wheeled para-sport
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Michael Hutchinson, Tom O’Brien, Connor Murphy, Vicky L. Goosey-Tolfrey
As with able-bodied sports, a 30-s Wingate test (WAnT) is commonly used in the laboratory to determine anaerobic performance. Though ACE can be used, a WERG is more suitable for court sports and WRac, whilst a Cyclus 2 is preferable for HC. Main outputs include peak and mean power output and fatigue index (Table 12.2.2). Dual-roller WERGs also allow for analysis of left/right side (a)symmetry.
Physical Fitness Evaluation
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Peter Kokkinos, Jonathan R. Miller
Because anaerobic power is an important determinant of athletic performance requiring high levels of exertion over short periods, tests have been developed to measure the capacity of the anaerobic energy systems. One of the more common tests of this type is the Wingate test, which involves 30 to 120 seconds of high-intensity effort on a cycle ergometer. The resistance is based on body mass (originally 0.075 kp per kg body mass, though this may vary) and is applied after initial inertia and unloaded resistance are overcome. Peak power is considered to represent the highest mechanical power generated during any 3- to 5-second period during the test; average power is the average of the total power generated during the test. An underlying assumption of the Wingate test is that peak power reflects the energy-generating capacity of the oxygen-independent high energy phosphates, whereas average power is a representation of one’s glycolytic capacity.51,52 In studies comparing the Wingate test results to athletic performance and laboratory findings, it has been demonstrated to be a good index of these energy systems, although studies are mixed in terms of its ability to predict success in events requiring high exercise intensity.52
Listening to motivational music during warming-up attenuates the negative effects of partial sleep deprivation on cognitive and short-term maximal performance: Effect of time of day
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Syrine Khemila, Salma Abedelmalek, Mohamed Romdhani, Amine Souissi, Hamdi Chtourou, Nizar Souissi
During the experimental sessions, each participant carried out a 10-min warm-up session supplemented, or not, with listening to music. During warm-up, participants rode on a stationary cycle ergometer, holding the bicycle handlebars, and pedaled at a constant pace of 60 rpm against a light load of 1 kg. The experimenter monitored pedaling pace. Following completion of warm-up, participants rested for 5 min, and afterward performed the Wingate test. Immediately after the Wingate test, selective attention, SRT, MRT and CRT were assessed. Cortisol levels were measured before warm-up (at rest) and immediately after the Wingate test. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was scored and recorded at the completion of the Wingate test.
The effect of time of day and chronotype on the relationships between mood state and performance in a Wingate test
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
The basis for the present study was the belief that there are circadian rhythms in physical performance. For the 14 participants of the present study, work in the Wingate increased steadily from the morning tests at 09h00 until the evening tests at 20h00. There is considerable evidence that exercise and sport performance are dependent on circadian rhythms (Drust et al. 2005; Thun et al. 2015; Winget et al. 1985). This is demonstrated by the responses to exhaustive severe intensity exercise, such as VO2max, VO2 kinetics, and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, the “gold standard” measure of anaerobic capacity (Hill 2014), and, specifically, performance of extreme intensity exercise – exercise for which there is a large anaerobic contribution and exhaustion occurs in ~2½ min or less, before VO2max can be attained (Caputo and Denadai 2008; Hill and Stevens 2005). For example, time-of-day impacts the mean power or work performed over the 30 s duration of a Wingate test, as well as the peak power generated at the beginning of the test (Chtourou et al. 2013, 2012; Chtourou, Zarrouk et al. 2011; Hill and Smith 1991a, 1991b; Marth et al. 1998). The finding that peak power, mean power, and work in the Wingate test increased steadily across the day is consistent with the results in these studies. In addition, this daily pattern in Wingate performance tracked with the pattern in resting body temperature and heart rate, as previously demonstrated (e.g., Vitale and Weydahl 2017). However, consistent with the results of Rae et al. (2015), correlational analyses revealed no relationship between individual changes in temperature with any of the three Wingate performance measures.
Good association between sprint power and aerobic peak power during asynchronuous arm-crank exercise in people with spinal cord injury
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Sonja de Groot, Ingrid Kouwijzer, Linda J. M. Valent, Lucas H. V. van der Woude, Mark S. Nash, Rachel E. Cowan
Previous studies showed a strong association between sprint power measured during a 30 s Wingate test and peak aerobic power output in people with SCI during wheelchair propulsion (R2 = 0.81) [7], and in cycling for adults with cerebral palsy (R2 = 0.94) [8]. A Wingate test is a low time burden assessment of sprint power that might also be associated strongly with POpeakGXT during arm ergometry, and could therefore contribute to a valid and accurate prediction of POpeakGXT in people with SCI, next to determinants like personal and lesion characteristics.