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Immunohematology
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Gabriel Virella, Armand Glassman
There are over 200 blood group antigens in addition to those of the ABO and Rh systems. Some of the most important blood groups are seen in Table 22.2. Blood group antigenic determinants are either carbohydrate or protein in nature. Upon exposure to foreign carbohydrate antigens, IgM antibodies are predominantly produced, while IgG antibodies predominate after immunization to protein-borne blood group antigens. Some blood groups have known associated biological functions such as the Duffy glycoprotein that is the receptor for Plasmodium vivax, which causes malaria. The Duffy glycoprotein also has recently been shown to be a chemokine receptor able to bind both C-X-C and C-C chemokines, and for this reason has been renamed as Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines. Its function on the mature red cell membrane is not known. Another known function of some blood groups is transport. The Kidd protein is the urea transporter. Many carbohydrate antigens bind bacteria such as the P antigen that binds Escherichia coli and the Lewis system Leb antigen on gastric epithelial cells, which binds Helicobacter pylori, the organism implicated in gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric carcinoma.
Synergic fabrication of succimer coated titanium dioxide nanomaterials delivery for in vitro proliferation and in vivo examination on human aortic endothelial cells
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Ming Qi, Chunfang Li, Ze Song, Lei Wang
We have investigated the cellular uptake mechanism by studying the function of the urea conveyor system and the cell release function of these vessel's tone regulators. The urea transporter is represented in the vascular endothelium that delivers Urea to the cell. In the endothelial cells, Urea plays a key role; previous studies have shown that L-arginine transportation in cultured endothelial cells is inhibited by uremic Urea (25 mM). In this analysis, we find a significant urea concentration higher than that of control cells in the HAoECs, treated with 0.02 mg ml−1 of DMSA-TiO2 for 24 h. This analysis shows that DMSA-TiO2 exposure also inhibits the role of the urea carrier in HAoECs.