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Intracellular Maturation of Acute Phase Proteins
Published in Andrzej Mackiewicz, Irving Kushner, Heinz Baumann, Acute Phase Proteins, 2020
Erik Fries, E. Mathilda Sjöberg
A number of observations have led to the notion that the GC is divided into three functionally different compartments, cis-,medial, and trans-Golgi (Figure 1), and that secretory proteins are carried between these compartments by vesicles.10 One of the first observations supporting this idea was the finding that some Golgi enzymes could be partially separated upon density gradient centrifugation.11 Subsequent immunolocalization of these enzymes provided more direct evidence for a spatial separation.12-14 In contrast to this model, Roth et al.15 found that two enzymes that were located strictly in the trans-Golgi in one cell type of the intestine occurred in the whole Golgi stack except the first cis cisterna in another cell type of the same tissue. These results indicate that the compartmentation within the GC may not be essential for the secretory process. Some Golgi enzymes compete for the same substrate, and therefore differential distribution of these enzymes within the Golgi stack could be a reason why different cells may process the same protein differently.16 The trans-Golgi cisternae are connected with an extensive tubular reticulum14 often referred to as the trans-Golgi network (Figure 1).17 Proteins destined for the cell surface pass through this membrane system18 before they are packaged into transport vesicles.19
What are the Golgi apparatus? How are they involved in the secretion of proteins? Describe this process in relation to mast cells
Published in Nathaniel Knox Cartwright, Petros Carvounis, Short Answer Questions for the MRCOphth Part 1, 2018
Nathaniel Knox Cartwright, Petros Carvounis
Functionally, the Golgi apparatus play an important role in carbohydrate synthesis and post-translational protein modification. They can be thought of as a sorting and dispatching station for products of the endoplasmic reticulum. Of particular note is their role in protein glycosylation. Transport vesicles carry molecules from one cisterna to the next within the Golgi apparatus.
The Ultrastructure And Pathobiology Of Urinary Bladder Cancer
Published in George T. Bryan, Samuel M. Cohen, The Pathology of Bladder Cancer, 2017
Bendicht U. Pauli, Joseph Alroy, Ronald S Weinstein
The Golgi apparatus of the mammalian urinary bladder consists of a complex membrane system (see Figure 5). Its degree of development and its location within the cell is different in the various cell layers.40,43 In basal cells, the Golgi complex is small and positioned laterally to the nucleus in the perinuclear cytoplasm. It consists of two to three curved parallel flattened vacuoles or cisternae that are often expanded at their ends. A few transport vesicles are associated with the concave inner surface of the stacks of cisternae. In the intermediate cell layer of normal urinary bladder epithelium, the Golgi complex is much larger and is often multicentric. Most of the Golgi fields are located in the perinuclear cytoplasm, facing the lumen of the bladder. Golgi complexes are more fully developed, as evidenced by increases in the lengths of the stacked lamellae. Transport vesicles are found along both the convex and the concave surfaces of the lamellae. In superficial cells, Golgi complexes may be located anywhere within the perinuclear cytoplasm, although a basal orientation is most common. Golgi complexes may occur singly or in several locations within the perinuclear cytoplasm. Transport vesicles are numerous in superficial cells.
Advance in placenta drug delivery: concern for placenta-originated disease therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Miao Tang, Xiao Zhang, Weidong Fei, Yu Xin, Meng Zhang, Yao Yao, Yunchun Zhao, Caihong Zheng, Dongli Sun
Exocytosis is the process that transport vesicles release their contents into the extracellular matrix through fusion with the plasma membrane. After being ingested by cells, nanoparticles will undergo a series of pathways in the cell and eventually be transported out of the cell (Dahiya & Ganguli, 2019; Sakhtianchi et al., 2013). The transport of nanoparticles across placental tissue is mainly through exocytosis and can occur in two main ways (Figure 3D): (i) after endocytosis, nanoparticles are internalized into early endosomes. Early endosomes become mature and form into multivesicular bodies, then fuse with the plasma membrane and release nanoparticles from the trophoblast. Therefore, nanoparticles reach fetal circulation; (ii) early endosomes transport nanoparticles to lysosomes, and then exocytosis of lysosomes can also release the contents into the villus matrix and subsequently into fetal capillaries. From the mechanism of nanoplatform transferring out of the placenta, it can be seen that the construction of nanoplatforms that can achieve lysosomal escape can make nanoplatforms stay in the placental trophoblast cells for a longer time and reduce the amount of placental transmission.
Edible plant-derived nanotherapeutics and nanocarriers: recent progress and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Nanxi Chen, Jianfeng Sun, Zhenhua Zhu, Adam P. Cribbs, Bo Xiao
An abundant supply of various proteins in PDENs is conducive to cellular activities. Existing studies on cellular vesicles from four different citrus fruits show that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 6 (FBA6), heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP80), patellin (PTL), and clathrin in their respective vesicles are highly expressed and play important roles in a multitude of basic physiological processes [42]. For instance, G3PD and FBA6 are involved in the glycolysis and glycogen production. HSPs are responsible for folding and transporting proteins. Clathrin-3 can promote the proliferation and division of cells. The existence of clathrin vesicle-, coat protein complex (COP) I-, and COPII-coated proteins indicates the presence of heterogeneous populations that transport vesicles within cells. In addition, a large number of enzymes such as hydroenzyme and oxide enzymes are extensively detected in citrus fruit-derived vesicles.
Deciphering crucial genes in coeliac disease by bioinformatics analysis
Published in Autoimmunity, 2020
Effat Noori, Bahram Kazemi, Mojgan Bandehpour, Hakimeh Zali, Bahman Khalesi, Saeed Khalili
Enrichr analysis for gene ontology database revealed that most of the shared genes participate in the biological processes and immune responses, including the activation and regulation of adaptive and innate immunity pathways (Table 2). Table 3 represented the top 10 molecular functions in which common genes extracted from the 3 databases have mainly participated, including inflammatory response, apoptotic process, and growth factor activity. The top 10 cellular components in which the common genes may potentially be involved are listed in Table 4. The main cellular components are ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane, trans-Golgi network membrane, clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane, and MHCII protein complex. Taken together, all of these genes are involved in cellular transmissions to serve for immunological purposes and secreting materials out of the cell. Supplementary Table S3–5 contains all gene ontology data related to CD.