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Methods in Experimental Pathology of the Pleura
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Normal mesothelial cells are fragile (Ryan et al., 1973) but regenerated mesothelial cells are resilient and have altered cytoplasmic organelles and enzyme systems. Surface membrane and mitochondrium-associated enzymes such as 5 ‘-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, cytochrome oxidase, and succinic dehydrogenase are present in normal and activated mesothelial cells but nonspecific esterases, acid hydrolases, and Golgi-linked enzymes such as thiamine pyrophosphatase are increased in the activated forms (Adnet et al., 1978; King and Wilson, 1983; Efrati and Nir, 1976; Marsan and Cayphas, 1974; Raftery, 1973b; Shanthaveerappa and Bourne, 1965; Whitaker et al., 1980b, 1982b). These enzyme patterns suggest that resting mesothelial cells are primarily involved in membrane transport but the active form is involved more in synthesis as well as digestive activities including prostaglandin synthesis (Coene et al., 1982) and fibrinolysis (Whitaker et al., 1982c; Merlo et al., 1983). Mesothelial cells at the pleurolymphatic communications are usually activated. How mesothelial cells transform from the resting to activated forms or vice versa is uncertain. The mesothelial cells are active in repair of the pleural surface.
Neuropathology of Drugs of Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
L. Roizin, M. Halpern, M. M. Baden, M. Kaufman, S. Hashimoto, J. C. Liu, B. Eisenberg
Among the histochemical studies of particular interest are the cytoarchitectural and anatomo-topographic distribution of the G-6-P (glucose-6-phosphatase), Ac.P. (acid phosphatase), and TPP (thiamine pyrophosphatase) enzyme reaction products. Distinctive reactions have been noted in relation to the duration of the incubation and according to cytomorphologic patterns of the cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Various degrees of neuronal morphologic changes, distribution, and concentration of the enzyme reaction patterns were noted in various anatomo-topographic regions of the central nervous system. Glial reactions (particularly astrocytes) appeared more prominent along or in the vicinity of blood vessels and with the increase of the incubation time became more prominent as compared with the neurons. Vascular and perivascular reactions appeared particularly more prominent in TPP preparations (Figure 5). Also of particular interest were the presence of some senile plaques in two cases.
Golgi apparatus regulation of differentiation
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Louis Hermo, Regiana L. Oliveira, Charles E. Smith, Catherine E. Au, John J. M. Bergeron
The structure of the early spermatid Golgi has been described in several studies by Clermont et al.37 and visualized diagrammatically (Figure 1.6).9 The stacked regions of the Golgi ribbon consist of a highly anastomotic Cis Golgi network (CGN), followed by nine closely apposed flattened cisternae. Morphologically distinct thickened cisternae appear on the trans face of the Golgi ribbon and form trans Golgi networks (TGNs). The latter are close to the developing acrosome apposed to the nucleus. The TGNs often reveal a peeling off configuration from the stack with dilated edges showing a bristle coat. The area in between the trans face of the Golgi apparatus and the developing acrosome contains vesicular and tubular profiles decorated with fuzz or bristle coats, some of which fuse with the acrosome.29,45,46 Two types of β-COP, coatomer protein complexers, are found associated with the Golgi apparatus and in the acrosomal membrane of spermatids.46 EM cytochemical markers indicate that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase (NADPase) localizes to middle cisternae, thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) to the transmost cisternae, and cytidine 5-monophosphatase (CMPase) to the TGNs (Figure 1.6).24,48,49 Because the acrosome also shows a cytochemical reaction for CMPase, TPPase, and other phosphatases such as orotidine 50-monophosphatase, it is suggested that these respective Golgi cisternal elements contribute directly to acrosome formation (Figure 1.6).14,24
Thiamine and phosphate esters concentrations in whole blood and serum of patients with alcohol use disorder: a relation with cognitive deficits
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Laurent Coulbault, Ludivine Ritz, François Vabret, Coralie Lannuzel, Céline Boudehent, Marie Nowoczyn, Hélène Beaunieux, Anne Lise Pitel
Alcohol also directly regulates activity or expression of thiamine pyrophosphokinase in cells, the key enzyme of thiamine phosphorylation in human, and thiamine pyrophosphatase, which dephosphorylates TDP and produces TMP. Chronic alcohol consumption thus affects thiamine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation rate, and deregulates TDP levels and its sequestration in cells [33,34]. Recent studies also demonstrated that expression of thiamine transporters (SLC19A2 and SLC19A3) is reduced after chronic alcohol exposure limiting intestinal thiamine absorption, and thiamine transport across Blood Brain Barrier in rodents [29,35]. These data suggest that the expression of thiamine transporters is reduced in many tissues such as liver, but is also probably reduced in AUD patients in blood brain barrier and brain. A reduced expression of thiamine transporters could affect thiamine transport across the blood–brain barrier, and reduce the availability of thiamine in glucose-dependent and vulnerable brain regions involved in the memory process.