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Mathematical, Physical and Neuronal Entropy Based Information Theory
Published in Harald Maurer, Cognitive Science, 2021
In the context of the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" (see chap. 2.3.1), the Austrian physicist and philosopher, Ludwig Boltzmann, uses the term "thermodynamic entropy" as a statistical measure of order to operationally measure "(dis-)order" in a thermodynamic system (see Box 5.1). Thus the phenomenological thermodynamics can be traced back to the description of the statistical mechanics of gas molecule configurations (Reichl 2009, Kondepudi 2008, Vemulapalli 2010, Moore 1998).
Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
Published in E.I. Sokolov, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
Energy metabolism is an involved thermodynamic system integrating the interaction of physiological and biochemical components, the metabolic characteristics of metabolism (especially of carbohydrates and fats), and also regulatory hormonal relations.
Basic Thermal Physics: Heat Exchange and Infrared Radiation
Published in Kurt Ammer, Francis Ring, The Thermal Human Body, 2019
The sum of the internal energy and the product of the pressure and volume of a thermodynamic system is called enthalpy. It is an energy-like property or state function with the dimension of energy. Houdas & Ring provided the following explanation of enthalpy [3].
Parallel splitting solvers for the isogeometric analysis of the Cahn-Hilliard equation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Vladimir Puzyrev, Marcin Łoś, Grzegorz Gurgul, Victor Calo, Witold Dzwinel, Maciej Paszyński
Phase transition is a process through which a thermodynamic system changes from one “phase” to another. The most common phase transitions in physics are the changes between the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma). Widely used approaches for dealing with phase transition phenomena are the sharp interface modeling and phase-field (diffuse-interface) modeling. The past two decades witnessed the rise of the phase-field approach as one of the most powerful methods for phase transition modeling. One of the main application areas is the microstructure evolution in solids which are common in many fields including biology, hydrodynamics, and chemical reactions (Fried and Gurtin 1994; Chen 2002). The phase-field method is also widely used to model solidification processes, foams, and liquid-liquid interfaces (Lowengrub and Truskinovsky 1998; Fonseca et al. 2007; Gómez et al. 2008).
Computational prediction of the long-term behavior of the femoral density after THR using the Silent Hip stem
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Zainab Al-Hajaj, Pouria Tavakkoli Avval, Habiba Bougherara
Previous studies (Bougherara et al. 2010; Klika and Marsik 2010; Tavakkoli Avval et al. 2014) that established and validated the thermodynamics-based model, defined the bone as an open thermodynamic system that exchanges energy, matter and entropy with its surroundings (Figure 1). In this model, it is considered that the bone remodeling mechanism performs only by bone resorption and formation through five different processes (i.e. osteoclasts formation, decomposition of old bone, creation of osteoblast activator, formation of osteoid, and calcification) which are in the general form of Menten-Michaelis enzyme reactions (Michaelis and Menten 1913).
Device Development for Ocular Surface Temperature and Heat Flux Density Measurement
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
Lukyan Anatychuk, Oleg Zadorozhnyy, Volodymyr Naumenko, Roman Kobylianskyi, Taras Kustryn, Illia Nasinnyk, Andrii Korol, Nataliya Pasyechnikova
The process of heat transfer in biological tissues is possible to evaluate based on the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.5 Biological objects (including the mammalian eye) can be represented as an open thermodynamic system. In such thermodynamic systems, relative thermal equilibrium is maintained by continuously occurring heat transfer processes. Heat transfer requires the presence of a thermal gradient, which is a basis for the appearance of heat flux (HF).6