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Essential Oils in Cancer Therapy
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Carmen Trummer, Gerhard Buchbauer
Carvacol is a natural-bioactive monoterpenoid that is present in many EOs. It is extracted from thyme or other herbs, spices, vegetables, or fruits (Suntres et al., 2015). Luo et al. (2016) found that carvacol blocked transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 currents (TRPM7) in prostate cancer cells. TRPM7 belongs to the melastatin-like transient receptor potential (TRPM) subfamily and is overexpressed in a lot of cancer tissues and cell lines. The EO compound carvacol showed a reduction of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC-3 and DU145 cells. Carvacol was also able to decrease the protein expression of MMP-2, p-Akt, and p-ERK.
The melanocyte and melaninogenesis
Published in Dimitris Rigopoulos, Alexander C. Katoulis, Hyperpigmentation, 2017
Dimitrios Xekardakis, Sabine Krueger-Krasagakis, Konstantinos Krasagakis
Several ion channels seem to have specific roles in melaninogenesis. These channels function at the plasma membrane and at the membrane of intracellular organelles of the melanocytes. The three most important ion channels that operate across the plasma membrane and modulate pigmentation are TRPM1, TRPM7, and TRPA1. They all belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family. TRPM1 levels are associated with basal pigmentation, according to the fact that a reduction of TRPM1 expression leads to decreased cellular melanin content. TRPM1 expression is controlled by MITF. On the other hand, TRPA1 is activated by ultraviolet A (UVA) and contributes to a rapid increase of melanin. The exact role of TRPM7 in melaninogenesis remains unknown. The most important intracellular ion channels are the endolysosomal TRPML channels, which belong to the mucolipin (ML) subfamily of TRP channels and regulate melanosomal function; the TPC (two-pore channels), which are expressed in acidic organelles and are regulators of melanosomal physiology and pigmentation; and the ClC-7 (chloride channels, isoform 7), which affect the melanosomal differentiation. There are also melanosomal-specific ion channel proteins that regulate at various steps the melaninogenesis that takes place in the melanosome. The most important of them are OCA2, SLC45A2, SLC24A5, and the OA1 ATPases.23 Finally, mitochondrial dynamics regulate melaninogenesis by accelerating degradation of MITF, via modulation of the signaling pathway reactive oxygen species (ROS)–ERK.24
Nutrition and Nutraceutical Supplements for the Treatment of Hypertension
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
Magnesium is an essential cofactor for the 8–6-desaturase enzyme that is the rate-limiting step for the conversion of linoleic acid (LA) to γ-linolenic acid (GLA)73,81–86 needed for synthesis of the vasodilator and platelet inhibitor prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Altered TRPM7 channels, which are the transporters for magnesium, occur in many hypertensive patients.84
Boron’s neurophysiological effects and tumoricidal activity on glioblastoma cells with implications for clinical treatment
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Meric A. Altinoz, Gulacti Topcu, İlhan Elmaci
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) influences cells which express the tyrosine kinase receptor, Met [69]. HGF/SF-Met coupling induces cellular migration and is required for the development of embryos. HGF/SF-induction of migration of human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells is accompanied with enhanced influx of Ca2+ through the TRP vanilloid member-1 and -4 ion channels (TRPV1 and TRPV4) [69]. Since DBTRG cells synthesize and release HGF/SF in an autocrine manner; it was investigated whether these cells express TRP ion channels with heat sensitivity; and it was found that DBTRG glioblastoma cells express TRP melastatin member-8 [69]. TRPM8 is highly synthesized in various cancer cells, but its roles in epithelia and malignant cells are not illuminated [69]. It was found that TRPM8 increased migration of GBM cells by regulating the influx of Ca2+. A specific agonist of TRPM8, menthol induced Ca2+ influx and DBTRG cell migration, which were enhanced by HGF/SF. 2-APB inhibited migrations induced by both menthol and HGF/SF [69]. Among TRPM channels, TRPM7 regulates magnesium homeostasis and neurotransmitter release. TRPM7 channels also involve in proliferation of various cancer cells origined from head and neck, breast, bladder and prostate tumors, in metastasis of mammary cancer and invasion of pancreatic cancer [70]. Leng et al. showed existence of functional TRPM7 channels in human glial tumor tissues and in A172 cells; and blockage TRPM7 expression or function with TRPM7-siRNA or 2-APB robustly reduced the growth, as well as migratory, and invasive features of A172 cells [70].
Characterizing the Role of Calcium Sensing Receptor in the Progression of Obesity-Mediated Aggressive Prostate Cancer Phenotype
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Blaine E. Sherman, Enrique Calderon, Ramona S. Price
We identified changes in PTHrP, CaSR, and RANK mRNA expression following treatment with OB sera and CaSR inhibition. These factors play an important role in bone remodeling and PCa metastasizing to the bone, and could help identify future therapeutic targets. Calcium ion channels including TPRC6, TRPM7, and TRPV2, which are important for proliferation and migration, were also responsive to treatment with OB sera and CaSR inhibition. TRPC6 mRNA increased in PC3 and DU145 cells, treated with OB sera, and is important for proliferation and it is associated with Gleason scores > 7. TRPC6 mRNA also showed a trend toward decreased expression following CaSR inhibition. TRPM7 mRNA expression increased in DU145 cells, but not in PC3 cells treated with OB sera. This is interesting because TRPM7 activity is associated with both proliferation and migration in PCa cells. TRPV2, which is associated with migration via phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinases, showed increased expression with OB sera but also showed an increase with CaSR inhibition, indicating TRPV2 mRNA may be suppressed by CaSR. However, variation limits interpretation of the results. Differential results between DU145 and PC3 may be attributed to different sites of metastasis, bone and central nervous system, respectively. In addition, DU145 and PC3 cells have different expression of hormone receptors such as ER alpha and beta. However, we have only measured mRNA expression, and to further demonstrate the effect of OB sera and CaSR inhibition, it is important to measure activity using patch clamp assays.