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Chemosensation
Published in Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra, Psychology of Eating, 2019
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra
The principal GPCRs involved in sweet taste are members 2 and 3 of taste receptor type 1, abbreviated T1R2 and T1R3. These each have a particularly long string of amino acids at the free (non-looping) domain outside the cell. T1R2 and T1R3 aggregate together in the membrane of the taste cell to form a heterodimer (two different or hetero entities). These long ends form what is called a venus flytrap module that essentially snares a variety of molecular types, and all of these give rise to a sweet taste. These include sucrose, fructose, and artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and stevia. In this way, only two receptor types can be activated by a wide range of tastants. For completeness, there may be other sweet transduction mechanisms, but we will not discuss those in this text (see Roper & Chaudhari, 2017).
Single nucleotide polymorphisms of taste genes and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
Luiz Alexandre Chisini, Mariana Gonzalez Cademartori, Marcus Cristian Muniz Conde, Francine dos Santos Costa, Luana Carla Salvi, Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues, Marcos Britto Correa
Moreover, the TAS1R2 – taste receptor, type-1, member 2 – was also associated with a low intake of sugar consumption [35]. A high number of studies have found an association of TAS1R2 and dietary behaviours, such as sucrose/carbohydrate preference [36,37]. In this way, it seems that TAS1R2 can contribute to sensitivity to sweet taste and influence sugar consumption. Based on this pathway, it was proposed the hypothesis that TAS1R2 could also influence the caries experience. Thus, while effect SNPs of rs3935570, rs4920566 and rs9701796 (presents in TAS1R2) minor alleles were associated with a decrease of dental caries [25,27], rs35874116 showed contrasting results across the studies [15,23,24]. TAS1R3 have analogous mechanisms and is involved in sweet perception, which is determined via a G-protein-linked [23]. Only one study investigated the influence of TAS1R3 on caries, showing also a protective effect [23]. In this context, glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) facilitates the first step in glucose-induced insulin secretion, brain detection of glucose [38], as well as facilitative glucose transporter in the plasma membrane of the intestinal and provide metabolites stimulating the transcription of glucose-sensitive genes [39]. Henceforth, this polymorphism seems to be associated with higher habitual consumption of sugar [8], and some studies have detected possible associations with dental caries experience [15,24].
Prior exposure to nutritive and artificial sweeteners differentially alters the magnitude and persistence of sucrose-conditioned flavor preferences in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Sam LaMagna, Kerstin Olsson, Deena Warshaw, Gabriela Fazilov, Ben Iskhakov, Agata Buras, Richard J. Bodnar
Genetic variance across mouse strains has been observed in sensitivity to and intake of sweet solutions (see reviews1–4). Studies of these strain differences led to the discovery of two genes (Tas1r2, Tas1r3) that code for the T1R2 and T1R3 proteins that form the sweet taste receptor.5 Murine strain differences in sweetener preference were found to reflect different alleles of the Tas1r3 gene which resulted in descriptions of ‘sensitive’ (e.g. C57BL/6 mice) and ‘sub-sensitive’ (e.g. 129/P3, BALB/c mice) forms of the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor.6 Thus, C57BL/6 mice displayed greater sucrose preferences at low concentrations than 129P3 mice tested under naïve,7–11 but not experienced12 conditions. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice displayed similar 24-hour intake sensitivity to a wide range of sucrose concentrations (0.0001–20%) although the former strain consumed less sucrose at high concentrations.13 Whereas the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone was more potent in inhibiting sucrose intake in C57BL/6 relative to BALB/c mice14 the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 produced similar inhibition of sucrose intake in both strains.15 BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains also displayed similar sensitivity patterns to saccharin intake.16
The downregulation of sweet taste receptor signaling in enteroendocrine L-cells mediates 3-deoxyglucosone-induced attenuation of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Fei Wang, Xiudao Song, Liang Zhou, Guoqiang Liang, Fei Huang, Guorong Jiang, Lurong Zhang
After treatment with glucose or glucose +3DG for 1 h, cells were harvested and cell lysates were prepared and subjected to Western blot analysis. Methods for cells protein extraction and western blot have been described previously (Liang et al.2016b). Proteins of interest were detected with antibodies targeted against TAS1R2, TAS1R3, and TRPM5 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA). Quantification of protein bands was performed using Image J software (version 1.42; Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).