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Motor development and postural control
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
Other reflexes necessary for postural control are also mediated by the brain stem. The symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) and the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) appear during the first 6 months of life and are elicited by a rotation of the head and stimulation of joint receptors in the neck. The STNR is elicited by forward flexion of the neck, resulting in flexion of the arms and upper extremities and extension of the legs. A backward extension of the head results in extension of the arms and upper torso and flexion of the legs and lower extremities (Figure 5.1). The persistence of the STNR reflex prevents assuming a four-point creeping pattern, because the head position controls the movements of the arms and legs. Retention of the reflex will prohibit infants from appropriately flexing and extending their arms and legs to complete the creeping pattern. This reflex also interferes with catching, kicking, throwing, and tumbling, because the changes in head position may affect muscle tone and reciprocation of muscle groups.
Primitive or baby reflexes
Published in Jill Christmas, Rosaline Van de Weyer, Hands on Dyspraxia: Developmental Coordination Disorder, 2019
Jill Christmas, Rosaline Van de Weyer
The following reflexes, if still present in the school-age child, may also have an adverse impact on their higher functioning skills and educational ability. One or more reflexes noted below may be seen in the child with a developmental coordination disorder or motor dyspraxia and may have a particular influence on a child’s school attainment (Goddard-Blythe, Beuret, & Blythe, 2017; see also the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology in the ‘Professional organisations’ section): Palmar reflex – starts in the womb and is normally inhibited by four months.Moro reflex – starts in the womb and is normally inhibited by three months.Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR) – starts in the womb and is normally inhibited by six months.Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) – starts at six to nine months (pre-crawling) and is normally inhibited by nine to eleven months.Spinal Galant reflex (SGR) – normally inhibited around birth.Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR) – starts in the womb and is normally inhibited by three to four months.
Investigating the Effect of Leap Motion on Upper Extremity Rehabilitation in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Mahla Daliri, Ali Moradi, Saeid Fatorehchy, Enayatollah Bakhshi, Ehsan Moradi, Sajad Sabbaghi
Inhibition of undesired movement patterns like Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR), Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR), TLS, and TLP reflexes inhibition by weight bearing in particular positions of prone on elbow, quadroped, and prone on hand.Facilitation of higher-level reactions, such as the engagement of the upper extremities for balance and protective reactions while standing, kneeling, or quadroped.Hand active movements exercises, including hands coordination, moving objects between two hands, crossing body midline with each hand, unilateral and bilateral diagonal displacement patterns, grasping and releasing objects.