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Piper longum (Long Pepper or Pipli) and Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy or Heart-Leaved Moonseed)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Yashashree Pradhan, Hina Alim, Nimisha Patel, Kamal Fatima Zahra, Belkıs Muca Yiğit, Johra Khan, Ahmad Ali
Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacterium aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Serattia marcescens are gram-positive human pathogens which are inhibited by the antimicrobial action of methanolic extract of T. cordifolia (Jabiullah et al., 2018). Ethanolic extract of giloy also shows inhibition of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae from the urinary tract (Shanthi and Nelson, 2013). Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger are the fungi inhibited by T. cordifolia extract. Streptococcus mutans is one of the dental plaque-forming organisms that is also inhibited by the extract of T. cordifolia (Agarwal et al., 2019).
Interactions between Oral Bacteria and Antibacterial Polymer-Based Restorative Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Fernando L. Esteban Florez, Sharukh S. Khajotia
Over the years, Streptococcus mutans has been considered the most cariogenic among all oral streptococci and has been implicated, by numerous authors, as the leading causative agent of both primary and secondary caries.[9,14]Figure 4.1 displays the image of S. mutans’ biofilm and its main virulence factors linked to the caries disease. However, recent studies applying the pyrosequencing technique to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the 16S rDNA gene have reported that bacterial communities extracted from distinct locations in the oral cavity (smooth, occlusal, or interproximal surfaces) and cavitation stages (shallow, medium, or deep) are comprised of a wide variety of bacterial species.[15,16] In addition, it was also shown that S. mutans only accounts for 1.6% of the total cariogenic biomass found in active carious lesions.[17] Therefore, its role as the primary causative of dental caries (tooth decay) has now been questioned.[18]
Commensal Flora
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The commensal flora in the oropharynx consists mainly of anaerobes and streptococci. Coliforms can be transient colonizers, mainly in hospitalized patients. The most common anaerobes are Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium, Veillonella, Rothia and Capnocytophaga. Other members of the commensal flora are streptococci, Gemella and Granulicatella, Neisseria spp. and Haemophilus spp. Infections with oropharyngeal flora are seen in periodontal diseases, endocarditis and aspiration pneumonia. Oropharyngeal flora associated with endocarditis are viridans streptococci, Haemophilus spp. and members belonging to the HACEK group. Periodontal infections, perioral abscesses, sinusitis and mastoiditis may involve predominantly P. melaninogenica, Fusobacterium spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. Aspiration of saliva may result in necrotizing pneumonia, lung abscess and empyema. Streptococcus mutans plays a particularly important role in dental plaques and caries. Eikenella corrodens is an important pathogen in human bites.
Utilization of experimental design in the formulation and optimization of hyaluronic acid–based nanoemulgel loaded with a turmeric–curry leaf oil nanoemulsion for gingivitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Amal M. Sindi, Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, Fahad Y. Sabei, Osama A. Madkhali, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Eman Alfayez, Hanaa Alkharobi, Samar A Alghamdi, Arwa A. Banjar, Mohammed Majrashi, Mohammed Alissa
The disk perfusion method was used to assess the CrO-Tur-SNEDDS formulations’ antibacterial efficiency. As test bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, which is frequently detected in cases of gingivitis, was used. The Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLST) suggested that the S. mutans suspension be prepared so that the turbidity was equal to the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards before being plated onto Muller-Hinton agar. The disk specimen was positioned in the center of the agar plate and incubated at 37 ± 0.5 °C for 24 hours. The disk specimen had a diameter of 10 mm. A clean (inhibition) zone free of colonies could be visible all around the disk specimens if inhibitory concentrations were attained. For each CrO-Tur-SNEDDS that was put to the test, the breadth of the inhibition zone was measured (Hosny et al., 2021).
Short-term sugar stress induces compositional changes and loss of diversity of the supragingival microbiota
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Christine Lundtorp Olsen, Merete Markvart, Vincent Frederik Dahl Vendius, Christian Damgaard, Daniel Belstrøm
Streptococcus mutans has traditionally been perceived as the primary cariogenic pathogen. In the present study, short-term sugar stress had no significant impact on the relative abundance of S. mutans in the supragingival plaque, which is no surprise as the participants had no treatment-requiring cavities, which could favor the growth of S. mutans. It is important to remember that the composition of the oral microbiota seems to change as dental caries progresses [18], with S. mutans being associated with the advanced caries lesion [21,22,25] and have been found in increased levels in individuals with a high prevalence of dental caries [26]. To the best of our knowledge, only one study has used next-generation sequencing to compare the microbiota characterized by caries experience using the DMFT-index [18], in which no difference in the abundance of S. mutans between groups was found. Likewise, a recent 16S-based study reported that although S. mutans occurred more frequently in the caries group, S. mutans was absent in more than 50% of the samples from adolescents with dental caries [24]. Thus, data from the present study add to the growing body of literature, which argues that from a microbiological perspective dental caries is the consequence of a continual ecological imbalance in the supragingival microbiota fueled by frequent sugar intake and inadequate oral hygiene, which can occur with and without the presence of S. mutans.
Nanoparticle carrier co-delivery of complementary antibiofilm drugs abrogates dual species cariogenic biofilm formation in vitro
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Guilherme Roncari Rocha, Kenneth R. Sims, Baixue Xiao, Marlise I. Klein, Danielle S.W. Benoit
Streptococcus mutans is widely credited with the development of dental caries. This species is acidogenic and aciduric [7] and encodes exoenzymes glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) that synthesize EPS (e.g. glucans) when sucrose is available [8]. S. mutans synthesizes the majority of EPS within dental biofilms [8]. Gtfs are also components of the salivary pellicle and foment adhesion and accumulation of several microorganisms [9], including Candida albicans that provides an abundance of binding sites for Gtfs produced by S. mutans [10]. C. albicans is the most commonly detected fungus on human mucosal surfaces and co-adheres with S. mutans and also commensal species [11], assisting biofilm formation [12–14] when proper sugar resources are available in the diet [15]. C. albicans is acidogenic, aciduric, and produces secreted aspartyl proteases [16]. These exoenzymes can degrade collagen within the dentin. Moreover, the symbiotic interactions between S. mutans and C. albicans increase acid production and extracellular glucan formation, enabling the assembly of a dense and abundant matrix rich in EPS [10,17] under acidic conditions, further increasing cariogenicity of biofilms [16].