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Envisioning Utilization of Super Grains for Healthcare
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
The hemp seed is composed of 30%–35% oil wherein unsaturated fatty acids occupy 90% of the total content [103, 189]. Monounsaturated and PUFAs constitute 11.25% and 80%–90%, respectively. LA and α-linolenic acid (ALA) occupy 50%–70% and 15%–25%, respectively, and these two fatty acids along with oleic acid constitute 88% of the total [70]. It also contains γ-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3, ɷ-6) and stearidonic acid (SDA, C18:4, ɷ-3) at levels of 0.51%–4.55% and 0.26%–1.58%, respectively [49, 141]. SDA is a naturally occurring ɷ-3 fatty acid, which is generally present in fish and plants at low levels. But it is necessary since it readily converts to EPA compared to ALA because, for the rate-limiting step (Δ6-desaturation) in the synthesis of EPA from ALA, SDA is the resultant product [102]. Moreover, the ratio of ɷ-6 to ɷ-3 fatty acids is approximately 2.5–3:1, which is optimal for human nutrition [49]. The hemp seed hull may contain cannabinoids (<0.3%) especially cannabidiol that are generally contaminants from the leaves [70].
Fats, Fatty Acids, and Lipids
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Phospholipids in erythrocyte membranes after enteral feeding of three different types of fatty acids by Diboune and others from Strasbourg, France and Vevey, Switzerland were determined to monitor ability of different fat supplements to deliver certain fatty acids thought to be important for inflammatory processes.440 Each of 32 patients with severe head trauma or cerebral stroke were given 150 g/d of fat consisting of one of the following three types: (1) soybean oil (54% linoleic acid, 9% α-linolenic acid); (2) 50/50 soybean oil/medium-chain triglycerides; or (3) 50% soybean oil/42.5% medium-chain triglycerides/7.5% black-currant seed oil (27% linoleic acid, 14% γ-linolenic acid, and 4% stearidonic acid). The black-currant oil diet supplied approximately 3.5 g of omega-3 fatty acids. Before administration of fats, each patient exhibited a normal fatty acid profile, compared to healthy controls. There was no difference between groups in the tolerability of each type of fat, which was well tolerated.
Anti-inflammatory, Anti-allergic, Antipyretic, Antinociceptive, Antithrombotic, and Anti-coagulant Activities of Seaweeds and their Extracts
Published in Leonel Pereira, Therapeutic and Nutritional Uses of Algae, 2018
Inflammation occurs frequently in living tissues, and is responsible for numerous deaths, and is a precursor to some deadly diseases. Anti-inflammatory compounds derived from seaweeds, which have attracted interest, are a promising replacement of current anti-inflammatory drugs. Macroalgae have both proand antiinflammatory compounds. The latter include sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans) from brown seaweeds, alkaloids (Caulerpin I, II and III) (see Fig. 10.3) from red and green seaweeds, polyunsaturated fatty acids (Docosahexaenoic acid: EDA, Eicosapentaenoic acid: EPA, Stearidonic acid: SA, and Eicosatrienoic acid: ETA) (see Fig. 10.4), carotenoids (fucoxanthin and astaxanthin) (see Fig. 2.6, Chapter 2), Pheophytin A, and Vidalols A and B. Anti-inflammatory assays include edema, erythema, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL 1β, 6, 8), Nitric oxide (NO), inducible Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Prostaglandin E (PGE 2 and 3), Cyclooxygenase (COX-2), transcription factor (NF-kB), and leukotrienes (LB 3 and 4) (Jaswir and Monsur 2011).
Inflammation resolution and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in chronic rhinosinusitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Peyton Z. Robinson, Daniel N. Frank, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan
The production of SPMs originates from our diet. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential to our diet, commonly found in marine lipids, such as fish oil, and plants. These fatty acids are commonly stored in cell membranes, where they remain available for rapid synthesis of lipid mediators. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid are omega-3 plant-derived lipids that can be converted to DHA and EPA in mammals [43]. While these PUFAs are not pro-inflammatory, omega-6 PUFAs are precursors of arachidonic acid and its derivatives such as leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and prostaglandins, which may be pro-inflammatory in certain contexts. Dietary availability of each of these PUFAs can alter inflammatory responses mediated through synthesis of SPMs and mediators illustrated in Figure 2 [44,45].
Calanus oil attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating myocardial remodeling and oxidative stress
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Shrook Y. Abdellatif, Nagui H. Fares, Samar H. Elsharkawy, Yomna I. Mahmoud
Calanus oil (CO) is a relatively “new” marine oil produced from the crustacean Calanus finmarchicus in the northern Atlantic sea. The uniqueness of CO is its wax esters, which are distinctly different from any other oil in terms of chemistry, bioactivity and health benefits.5,6 CO is also one of the richest natural sources of poly-unsaturated fatty acids,7,8 and omega-3 fatty acid stearidonic acid.5 Therefore, CO shows significant anti-hypertensive,7 anti-inflammatory,5,9 anti-atherosclerotic,9 anti-fibrotic effects,7,10 and anti-obesity effects7,11,12; with no indication of adverse effects.13,14 Thus, CO could be an effective and safe food supplement to prevent many cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of calanus oil against cardiac hypertrophy, which has never been investigated before.
Development of a Natural Product Rich in Bioavailable Omega-3 DHA from Locally Available Ingredients for Prevention of Nutrition Related Mental Illnesses
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Christina N. Charles, Hulda Swai, Titus Msagati, Musa Chacha
Functional foods that are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are being promoted as the reliable alternative source of DHA. The assertion is based on a scientific fact that dietary ALA can be converted into stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and then to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) within the body (15). Furthermore, the ingredients that are rich in ALA are readily available in the global market. Some of the well-studied ALA-rich ingredients available in the market include soybeans, chia seeds, flaxseed, walnut, and canola (16). Because of the reported health benefits attributed to consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, there are a number of omega-3 products on the global market that are being advertised as foods for brain development and cognitive function (8). One should however, note that omega-3 DHA cannot be produced de novo in humans, therefore, must be obtained through diet or synthesized within the body from ALA (11). However, conversion of ALA into DHA is almost negligible. Therefore, consuming ingredients that are rich in omega-3 ALA may not confer any physiological benefit to the brain (Figure 1).