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Nutrition Part I
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
SFAs also have variable effects on blood lipids, fatty liver disease, thrombosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune vascular function (31–41). Stearate is a long-chain fatty acid that has a carbon length of 18 (C-18) and has minimal effect on CHD risk or serum lipids due to its rapid change to MUFA by an enzyme (31–33). Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) enhance gastrointestinal growth of gram-negative bacteria and their cell walls, inducing inflammation, increasing gastrointestinal permeability and the risk of endotoxemia (31,36–40).
Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
The simplest of the glycols is ethylene glycol. This material has been used for making esters and diesters for many years. The most common of these are the stearate esters. These are made by the reaction of stearic acid (usually triple-pressed stearic acid) and ethylene glycol in various ratios, to produce either a glycol monostearate ester or a glycol distearate ester. Variations on this theme have used diethylene glycol or triethylene glycol to add second or third ether linkages between the ester groups in order to increase the polarity and improve water dispersibility. These materials are used in surfactant products to produce opacity and pearlescence. They are also used in stick products to produce structure and in emulsions as the low HLB emulsifier component.
Kinetics and Metabolism
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Gunnar F. Nordberg, Tord Kjellström, Monica Nordberg
Differences in retention after oral exposure to cadmium sulfate and cadmium stearate were found by Schmidt and Gohlke.228 They gave rats 15 mg Cd per kilogram body weight of the compounds by stomach tube twice a week for 7 weeks. Cadmium levels in liver after 3, 7, and 16 weeks in rats that had received cadmium stearate were only 44, 32, and 51%, respectively, of the levels found in animals given cadmium as sulfate. It appears that the absorption of stearate may be half that of sulfate. The reason for this may be that cadmium stearate is not ionized in the gut to the same extent as is cadmium sulfate. On the other hand, compounds which can be expected to be similarly ionized would be absorbed to the same extent. Moore et al.165 found similar organ retention values in rats after single oral exposures to 115mCd as acetate, chloride, or sulfate.
Analytical approach for lubricant characterization of excipients using the surface replication method
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Shinichi Saito, Takashi Osamura, Tadatsugu Tanino, Satomi Onoue
Raloxifene hydrochloride (RH) was purchased from Erregierre S.P.A. (San Paolo d'Argon, Italy). Granulated lactose (Dilactose S, Freund Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP: K-30, Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku, Tokyo, Japan), and various lubricants were purchased from the indicated sources. Formulation I contained no lubricant. Formulations II, III, and IV contained stearic acid (NOF Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), sodium stearyl fumarate (SSF, JRS PHARMA GmbH & Co. KG, Rosenberg, Germany), and calcium stearate (Ca-St, NOF Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), respectively (Table 1). Three different grades of magnesium stearate (Mg-St, Taihei Chemical, Ryoke Kawagachi, Japan) were purchased (Supplementary Table 1). Formulations V, VI, and VII contained magnesium stearate, magnesium stearate (special), and magnesium stearate (light), respectively (Table 1).
Development and characterization of metformin hydrochloride- and glyburide-containing orally disintegrating tablets
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Tugba Gulsun, Yagmur Akdag, Nihan Izat, Meltem Cetin, Levent Oner, Selma Sahin
The ingredients used for the preparation of DC-ODTs are given in Table 1. The selection of formulation excipients is extremely important in order to obtain the desired flow and compressibility properties of the powder blend (Al-Khattawi et al. 2014). A limited number of excipients are available for this purpose. In DC-ODT formulation, Ludiflash® was used as a ready-to-use DC excipient for its high flowability, disintegration, and compressibility. It contains 90% D-mannitol as a fast-dissolving filler with a mildly sweet taste, 5% crospovidone as a superdisintegrant, and 5% polyvinyl acetate as a hydrophobic binder for enhanced disintegration (Ludiflash® Btc-europe.com 2019). Superdisintegrants are necessary for ODT formulations to disintegrate quickly in the mouth (Pahwa and Gupta 2011). To this end, Ac-Di-Sol® that has good water uptake and rapid-swelling properties, and aids a faster disintegration and dissolution (Jyoti et al. 2017), was added to the DC-ODT formulation. Magnesium stearate is the most commonly used lubricant in tablet formulations as it provides high lubrication, is chemically stable and relatively inexpensive, and also has a high melting point (Rao et al. 2005; Morin and Briens 2013). Further, talc has glidant characteristics because of its hydrophobicity and a weakly bonded sheet structure (Li and Wu 2014). Therefore, we added to our DC-ODT formulation magnesium stearate and talc as lubricant and glidant, respectively.
Development of medicated chewing gum of taste masked levocetirizine dihydrochloride using different gum bases: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Maha A. Marzouk, Manal K. Darwish, Marwa A. Abd El-Fattah
Medicated chewing gums (MCGs) were prepared by direct compression using the taste-masked drug (LCZ/Kleptose complex equivalent to 5 mg LCZ). Artica-T, Chicle, and HIG were used as gum bases (Table 1). In this method, the taste-masked drug, flavor, gum base, and plasticizer were added and mixed. Mag. stearate was added as a lubricant to avoid stickiness. Sweetener and calcium carbonate were precisely added and blended for 10 min. Finally, the prepared blend of the formulation was compressed using 12 mm diameter flat-faced punches of a tablet compression machine (single punch tablet press, Shanghai, China), to form 800 mg tablet-shaped chewing gum with a diameter of 12 mm. The compression force was adjusted to provide MCGs with hardness in the range of about 3 kg/cm2 for all MCGs.