China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
When the three fatty acids are identical, triglycerides are called homotriglycerides. For example, olein is a triglyceride formed by three oleic acids; stearin, by three stearic acids. Triglycerides are fats and oils in animal and vegetable foods and make up more than 95% of lipids in the diet (67–68). When the esterification of glycerol occurs at one or two alcohol groups, the glyceride formed is called monoglyceride or diglyceride, respectively. However, triglycerides are the most abundant in fat and oil. All glycerides are water insoluble. Vegetable oil is liquid at room temperature because its triglyceride contains a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids; while fat of animals such as pig, cow, and poultry, is solid because its triglyceride contains a high proportion of saturated fatty acids. However, fat in fish and seafood is liquid because their triglycerides are formed by glycerol with omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) that are unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, fish oil supplement and cod liver oil extract are in liquid form.
Glycerin(e) and its History
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
However, at an earlier date, crude glycerine had been made from so-called “sweet waters,” arising from the manufacture of stearine, used in the manufacture of candles. Procter & Gamble entered the history of glycerine via this route.
C
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Chevreul, Michel Eugene (1786–1889) French chemist and gerontologist from Angers. He is known as the ‘father of fatty acids’ because of his research on margarine, olein, stearin and other fatty acids. In 1823 he discovered that fat was composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Cholesterol, one of the earliest known sterols, was described by him in 1815. Towards the end of his career he studied the psychiatric effects of old age, which made him a pioneer in psychogeriatrics.
The tiny big world of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: an updated review
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Heidi M. Abdel-Mageed, Amira E. Abd El Aziz, Saleh A. Mohamed, Nermeen Z. AbuelEzz
SLN is mainly composed of matrix materials (lipids) such as triglycerides (tri-stearin), partial glycerides (Imwitor), fatty acids (stearic acid, palmitic acid), and steroids (cholesterol) and waxes (cetyl palmitate) that exist in the solid-state at room temperature. Various surface stabilisers and other combinations include co-surfactant/emulsifiers (such as Pluronic F68, F127, tween80, polyvinyl alcohol), preservatives, cryoprotectant, and charge modifiers have been utilised for the stabilisation of lipid dispersion, the combination of emulsifiers might efficiently inhibit particle coagulation, and present a suitable solvent system (Mishra et al.2018). Moreover, lipid NPs with large surface areas exposed to the lyophobic dispersion of SLN suspended in aqueous media, represent an intrinsically unstable system. To avoid NP agglomeration (system coalescence), a neutral surfactant must be included to electrostatically and/or sterically stabilise the SLN (Keck et al.2014).
Lipid-based nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological disorders
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Shrestha Sharma, Md. Noushad Javed, Md. Abul Barkat, Md. Sabir Alam, Mohd. Javed Naim, Ozair Alam, Mohammad Azam Ansari, George E. Barreto, Ghulam Md. Ashraf
SLNs have been introduced in the early 1990s and are recognized as a substitute for the conventional colloidal drug carriers, i.e. microparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, and nanoemulsions (Ali Khan et al. 2013; Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi and Omidi 2016). Instead of liquid lipid of emulsion systems, integration of solid lipids such as triglycerides (tri-stearin), fatty acids (stearic acid or palmitic acid), or waxes (cetylpalmitate) to constitute lipophilic core either to dissolve or disperse hydrophobic drugs, stabilization of systems by emulsifiers or stabilizing agents as well as their nanometric size (around 40–200 nm) range, solid lipid depression systems, i.e. SLNs are being considered as first-generation novel lipid drug carriers. The choice of surfactant and its suitability depends on its hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value as its ability to prevent aggregation of particles and induce changes in the SLN characteristics. The rate of SLN degradation depends on the type of surfactant used and can be modified by the change of surfactant (Üner and Yener 2007). Due to complete absence of liquid lipid as well as the presence of solid lipids only, SLNs are being considered as most stable and rigid in nature; however, this stability bearing some adverse consequences on polymorphism of drugs as well as their fate as well.