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Cell Populations Isolated from Amnion, Chorion, and Wharton’s Jelly of Human Placenta
Published in Ornella Parolini, Antonietta Silini, Placenta, 2016
Francesco Alviano, Roberta Costa, Laura Bonsi
In regard to the surface marker profile, they express typical antigens associated with mesenchymal cells isolated from bone marrow; indeed, they are positive for CD13, CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD166 and are negative for the expression of hematopoietic (CD34 and CD45), monocyte (CD14), lymphocyte (CD3), and endothelial (CD31) markers (Zhang et al. 2004). The expression of surface antigens typical of ESCs, such as SSEA3 and SSEA4, and of multi- and pluripotent stem cells, such as OCT-4, have also been reported, although they have not been confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis. A subpopulation of human chorionic stem cells expressing both OCT-4 and c-kit has also been identified in a chorionic membrane population (Resta et al. 2013). Finally, the analysis of surface markers for hCMSCs showed limited expression of HLA-ABC and a lack of expression of HLA-DR, indicating a potential immune-privileged status for this cell population (Parolini et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2011).
Tissue engineering and stem cell research
Published in Prem Puri, Newborn Surgery, 2017
ES cells derive from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage embryo.17 They are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm; hence, they possess the potential to develop into most cell types within the body.13,18,19 The field of ES cell research began with the study of teratocarcinoma cells in the 1950s, and continued in 1981 with first mouse ES cell lines derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts using culture conditions (fibroblast feeder layers and serum). The field progressed further in 1998 when Thomson et al.13,20,21 first isolated human ES (hES) cells. Optimal culture conditions have been developed for both mouse ES (mES) and hES cells to evaluate and maintain both their proliferative and differentiative capacities. mES cells are grown on a layer of gelatin and require the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor, while hES cells are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and require the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor.18 The maintenance of pluripotency in the hES is assured by the presence of different transcription factors like Oct-4, Nanog, and SOX2, which are essential to ensure the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation.22 The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids stem cells embryonic antigen-3 and -4 (SSEA3 and SSEA4) and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81.9 ES cells can be used to generate tissues but could also be employed as “cellular models” to study a range of human diseases, and to test new drug candidates for efficacy and toxicity (Figure 27.1).23 ES cells, being pluripotent, require specific signals for correct differentiation, and if injected in vivo prior to commitment, they will give rise to many different types of cells, resulting in the formation of teratomas. So far, their potency, together with the difficulties related to their allogenic origin, have limited their possible clinical application.24 In particular, the political debate surrounding SC research began suddenly after hES were created from a human embryo which was subsequently destroyed. Recently, researchers opened the possibility of generating ES cell lines without destroying embryos, by deriving cells from earlier stages of embryo development, and without impairing future development of the embryo.25–27 Moreover, in the last few years, ES cells have been used as a model for tissue differentiation, and rudimental organs derived from ES cells have been engineered. Understanding the signaling necessary for terminal differentiation has been important in defining the lineage-specific transcription factors, which can potentially be used to genetically engineer and terminally differentiate pluripotent SCs, increasing the chance of producing functionally differentiated tissues.
Cancer Stem Cells Targeting; the Lessons from the Interaction of the Immune System, the Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Niche
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2019
Hajar Rajayi, Parsova Tavasolian, Alaleh Rezalotfi, Marzieh Ebrahimi
There are some peptides which are shared between CSCs and non-stem cancer cells (like CEP55) while there are ones with high expression on CSCs [e.g. cancer testis antigens (MAGE, BAGE, GAGE, XAGE, SPANX, NYESO1, Oncofetal antigens (CEA, stage-specific embryonic antigen 3, Globo-H, 5T4), Anti-apoptosis proteins such as survivin [118] and Neoantigens that are mutated antigens deriving from somatic point mutations of tumor cells [118]. Therefore, one approach could be using these molecules for vaccine development against CSCs.