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Biotransformation of Monoterpenoids by Microorganisms, Insects, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshiaki Noma, Yoshinori Asakawa
The first data on fungal bioconversion of limonene (68) date back to the late 1960s (Kraidman et al., 1969; Noma, 2007). Three soil microorganisms were isolated on and grew rapidly in mineral salt media containing appropriate terpene substrates as sole carbon sources. The microorganisms belonged to the class Fungi Imperfecti, and they had been tentatively identified as Cladosporium species. One of these strains, designated as Cladosporium sp. T7, was isolated on (+)-limonene (68a). The growth medium of this strain contained 1.5 g/L of trans-limonene-1,2-diol (71a). Minor quantities of the corresponding cis-1,2-diol (71b) were also isolated. The same group isolated a fourth microorganism from a terpene-soaked soil on mineral salt media containing (+)-limonene as the sole carbon source (Kraidman et al., 1969). The strain, Cladosporium, designated T12, was capable of converting (+)-limonene (68a) into an optically active isomer of α-terpineol (34) in yields of approximately 1.0 g/L.
Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Camila Fernanda de Oliveira Junkes, Franciele Antonia Neis, Fernanda de Costa, Anna Carolina Alves Yendo, Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
The metabolic effects of nutritional imbalance are not entirely predictable. Although patterns can be recognized, it is not possible to establish a consensus on the classes of metabolites that will be benefited or impaired in each case (see Table 6.2). This is due to the complexity of the biochemical pathways and factors that are involved in mineral nutrition. Soil pH, for example, alters the availability of some nutrients, so that uptake by plants can be disrupted and their metabolism affected. Likewise, the presence of microorganisms in the rhizosphere may interfere with the absorption and availability of nutrients. The positive effect of mycorrhizal fungi on acquisition of phosphorus by the roots is well established. However, despite the recognized influence on plant development, few studies show relationships between pH or soil microorganisms in secondary metabolism. Furthermore, environmental factors do not seem to exert a homogeneous effect on the metabolism of different parts of the plant, which may respond differently to such external signals (Sampaio et al., 2016).
Glutamate Sensing in Plants
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Jesús Salvador López-Bucio, Homero Reyes de la Cruz, A. Arturo Guevara-García
Plant nutrition has important implications for plant development. The adequate acquisition of nutrients determines plant fitness and productivity; thus, the competence of plants to respond to nutrient availability is critical for their adaptation to the environment (López-Bucio et al., 2003). The soil organic nitrogen sources are very important to the plant nutrition so that several researches have been focused to study the role of recycling organic compounds, specifically amino acids, during the growth of plants (Abuarghub and Read, 1988; Dinkeloo et al., 2017; Jones and Darrah, 1994; Kielland, 1994; Näsholm et al., 2009). It has been found that Glu is one of the most represented amino acids in soil with a concentration ranging between 1 and 10 µg per gram of dry soil, although, under certain conditions these concentrations tend to increase, for example, after decomposition of dead organisms (Abuarghub and Read, 1988). Additionally, some soil microorganisms produce biofilms composed of amino acid polymers, such as poly-glutamic acid, which enriches Glu content of soil (Kubota et al., 1996; Richard and Margaritis, 2006; Zhang et al., 2017).
Graphene oxide influence in soil bacteria is dose dependent and changes at osmotic stress: growth variation, oxidative damage, antioxidant response, and plant growth promotion traits of a Rhizobium strain
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Tiago Lopes, Paulo Cardoso, Diana Matos, Ricardo Rocha, Adília Pires, Paula Marques, Etelvina Figueira
Soil microorganisms, although constituting less than 0.5% (w/w) of soil mass, are an essential part of soil ecosystems, for playing important ecological roles that influence soil properties (Yan et al. 2015; Jansson and Hofmockel 2020). Oxidation, nitrification, ammonification, nitrogen fixation, and organic matter mineralization are processes driven by soil microorganisms that make nutrients available for plant uptake (Yan et al. 2015). Some climatic events can interfere with these processes, shifting microbial communities and affecting soil properties and soil nutrient cycles (Jansson and Hofmockel 2020). With the increase of extreme weather events, already taking place in Europe and predicted to increase along the twenty-first century (IPCC 2021), such as the prevalence of long and severe drought events, mainly in spring and summer), effects on microbial communities and the services they provide can be difficult to predict, especially in the Mediterranean region considered as a hotspot (IPCC 2021).
A Common Insecticide Induced-Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats: Significance for Humans and Implications for Nutritional Modulation of Insecticide Toxicity
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
John O. Ige, Michael A. Gbadegesin, Jeremiah O. Olugbami, Ayodeji M. Adegoke, Oyeronke A. Odunola, Gloria O. Anetor, John I. Anetor
Pesticides are now widely used in crops and animal husbandry to increase yields and productivity. They are also habitually used in homes, in public and other areas for the eradication of disease vectors. The most rampant vector in the tropical areas of the world is mosquito, the vector of malaria parasites (1). By virtue of their widespread use, pesticides, in the form of insecticides, have become a major group of environmental contaminants posing hazards to human health (2). The very frequent use of insecticides subjects the environment and non-target organisms to increased risk of chemical exposure. Susceptible organisms range from beneficial soil microorganisms to insects, fishes, birds, and humans (3) Routes of exposure to insecticides can be through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation. The duration and route of exposure, and the individual health status are determinant factors of the possible responses and health outcomes. Within an organism, insecticides may be metabolized, excreted, or bioaccumulate (4)
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
However, pesticides found in the soil of the five districts of Jordan act as common contaminants in the surrounding environment and on non-target vegetation. They can harm plants and animals ranging from beneficial soil microorganisms and insects, non-target plants and birds, and other wildlife. Several workers (Iyaniwura 1991, Al-Antary 1996) reported that pesticide residues in soil, in addition to eliminating or reducing parasitic microbes, are also toxic to the non-parasitic and ecologically useful soil microbial and vertebrate population. Pesticides may reduce certain microorganism populations while they stimulate the growth of others, especially the saprophytic and spore-forming types. Soil chemical properties may also be altered by the accumulation of residual pesticides and their metabolites (Iyaniwura 1991).