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Serotonin Metabolism in Functional Somatic Illness
Published in Peter Manu, The Psychopathology of Functional Somatic Syndromes, 2020
In a more recent attempt to evaluate serotonergic neurotransmission in chronic fatigue syndrome, investigators from Warneford Hospital, Oxford, England (Vassallo et al., 2001), used the m-chlorophenylpiperazine challenge in 20 patients (16 women) with chronic fatigue syndrome and 21 healthy control subjects (16 women). The molecule is a directly acting serotonin receptor agonist, and its oral administration at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg should increase prolactin levels at a rate corresponding to the sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin receptors. The participants underwent two challenges (active and placebo) separated by a two-week interval. Biochemical assays for plasma prolactin, cortisol, tryptophan, and neutral amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine) measured the postchallenge response.
Neurobiological Substrates Mediating the Reinforcing Effects of Psychomotor Stimulant and Opiate Drugs
Published in Edythe D. London, Imaging Drug Action in the Brain, 2017
Carol B. Hubner, George F. Koob
Several studies have examined the importance of serotonin in mediating the reinforcing effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs. One experimental approach has been to increase serotonin neurotransmission and evaluate changes in rates of responding maintained by cocaine or amphetamine. Various methods have been used to elevate central serotonin levels. They include administration of the serotonin precursor, L-tryptophan (Lyness, 1983; Smith et al., 1986; Carroll et al., 1990a), pretreatment with serotonergic agonists, including fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake blocker (Leccese and Lyness, 1984; Yu et al., 1986; Carroll et al., 1990b), and administration of quipazine, a direct serotonin receptor agonist (Leccese and Lyness, 1984).
Dynamical Modeling And Application Of Complex Viscoelastic Structure
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
Philip T. Ninan, Thomas K Cummins, Xinong Zhang
The efficacy of serotonergic drugs in OCD and the failure of noradrenergic medications have resulted in a focus on serotonin in neurochemical studies. The direct serotonin receptor agonist mCPP has been used in challenge studies to assess the function of serotonin systems in OCD. The results of these studies have been mixed, as some studies have shown mCPP to increase anxiety and obsessions in OCD patients as compared to normal controls [71,72], whereas other studies have failed to replicate these findings [73]. The discrepancy may be related to the differing doses and routes of administration used in the various studies.
An up-to-date evaluation of lorcaserin hydrochloride for the treatment of obesity
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Beverly G. Tchang, Brittany Abel, Christina Zecca, Katherine H. Saunders, Alpana P. Shukla
The high medical complexity of patients with obesity often warrants polypharmacotherapy to treat comorbidities. Just as multiple medications may be needed to control hypertension or T2DM, more than one AOM may be needed to achieve metabolic goals [47]. Practitioners may find that utilizing AOMs with different mechanisms of action enables patients to overcome weight loss plateaus by circumventing counter-regulatory pathways that are associated with metabolic adaptation. The efficacy of combination therapy has been demonstrated by lorcaserin and phentermine in the PETAL study, as well as current therapies available on the market (phentermine/topiramate extended-release and bupropion sustained-release/naltrexone sustained-release). The PETAL study assesses the short-term safety and tolerability of using a serotonin receptor agonist with a sympathomimetic and presents this combination of lorcaserin/phentermine as a safer version of the historic fenfluramine/phentermine. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety of this combination.
Psychopharmacological advances in eating disorders
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Hubertus Himmerich, Janet Treasure
Drugs used for obesity may also reduce weight in BED as there is a significant overlap between both diagnoses [86–92]. Therefore, we would like to briefly mention these drugs as well, even though they are not yet tested for BED but only for obesity. Liraglutide is an analog of the anorexigenic bowel hormone GLP-1 which binds to the GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus. It has been shown to lead to significant weight loss in obese patients and to an improvement regarding the various health consequences of obesity in a number of RCTs [151–156]. Two RCTs with naltrexone plus bupropion showed superior weight outcomes to placebo in patients with obesity with no adverse effects [157,158]. This combination is thought to lead to weight loss by modulation of opioid, dopamine, and norepinephrine signaling in both the self-regulatory and the reward system. Further new pharmacological approaches for obesity include the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor reboxetine [159], the monoamine reuptake inhibitor tesofesin [160], the CB1 receptor antagonist taranabant [161], the peptide YY3-36 [162] which is a product of enteroendocrine cells, the pancreatic and lipase inhibitor cetilistat [163]. From preclinical and healthy studies, there is also evidence for the efficacy of intranasal insulin to reduce appetite and food intake [164]. Furthermore, there is already sufficient evidence from RCTs for the beneficial clinical effect of the serotonin receptor agonist lorcaserin [165] and the combination of the stimulant phentermine which has similarities with amphetamine plus topiramate [166–169].
Intranasal drug delivery of sumatriptan succinate-loaded polymeric solid lipid nanoparticles for brain targeting
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Rakesh Kumar Yadav, Kamal Shah, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
Migraine is a common neurological illness that causes throbbing headaches, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, among other symptoms [1]. Migraine can be classified into two types with aura or without aura migraine. Without aura is defined by a unilateral headache that is aggravated or avoided by daily activities such as walking. 5-Hydroxytryptamines (5-HT) levels in the blood drop during the aura phase, resulting in migraine problems. Patient’s migraine attacks are triggered by reserpine, which depletes serotonin levels. As a result, a new type of serotonin receptor agonist 5-HT was found that targets 5-HT 1B/1D receptors [2].