China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Techniques for Isolation and Evaluation
Published in Shojiro Inoué, Biology of Sleep Substances, 2020
After chromatography on SP-Sephadex® (steps 6 and 7), several adjacent eluates were found to be active. Each was taken separately through the remainder of the purification program. Acid hydrolysis of the final purified fractions released glutamic acid (Glu), alanine (Ala), diaminopimelic acid (Dap), and glycine. The apparent molar ratios of Glu/Ala/Dap were 2:2:1. Since Dap is a constituent of bacterial peptideglycans, Krueger et al.48 supposed that their purified fractions might contain amino sugars. The sample was then subjected to mild acid hydrolysis, followed by amino acid analysis. Thus, it was determined that muramic acid was equimolar with Dap, whereas glucosamine was equimolar with glycine. Hence, urinary Factor S was proven to be a small glycopeptide.
Lymphocytes and The Immune Response
Published in Richard C. Niemtzow, Transmembrane Potentials and Characteristics of Immune and Tumor Cell, 2020
Sephadex G-10 filtration17 — Suppressor T cells will bind to Sephadex G-10 filtration beads. The beads are prepared by washing with distilled water and PBS, then autoclaved in PBS. A 10-mℓ plastic syringe is used for the column. The Sephadex is washed with 3 column volumes of warm balanced salt solution (BSS) and incubated at 37°C for 1 hr. Before loading the cells, the column is washed with BSS/20% fetal calf serum (FCS)/45°C. One milliliter of a cell suspension (2 to 5 × 107/mℓ) is loaded onto the column in RPMI- 1640 medium/20% FCS. Five milliliters of RPMI-1640/5% FCS is used to elute the nonre- tained cells. The cells which are retained are positive for the OKT-8 antigen and inhibit the plaque-forming cell response of the cells which did not bind to the column.
Eosinophils and New Antihistamines
Published in Gerald J. Gleich, A. Barry Kay, Eosinophils in Allergy and Inflammation, 2019
This pharmacological model is reviewed in Ref. 24. Briefly, it was shown that intravenous injections of Sephadex particles induced a blood eosinophilia in rats. In addition, the rats developed bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophil accumulation in the BAL. Pulmonary eosinophil accumulation was highly reduced by dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, p.o., 88% reduction) and isoprenaline (0.1 mg/kg, s.c., 83% reduction). Aminophylline (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and sodium cromoglycate (100 mg/kg, s.c.) were moderately, but significantly, active (43% and 52% reduction, respectively). Ketotifen (20 mg/kg, p.o.) and mepyramine (20 mg/kg, s.c.) were inactive.
Intranasal spray of cubosomal tizanidine hydrochloride for brain targeting: in vitro and in vivo characterisation
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Hetal Thakkar, Bhumi Modi, Brijesh Patel
An aqueous solution of poloxamer 407 (1.53% w/v) was prepared by dissolving required amount in 10 ml water (solution A). Accurately, 40 mg GMO and 10 mg TH were dissolved in 2 ml ethanol:PEG 200 (80:20) (solution B). Both solutions were heated at 60–70 °C using a hot plate. Solution B was then added drop-wise to solution A with constant stirring at 700–800 rpm using a magnetic stirrer. The obtained homogenous dispersion was allowed to cool at room temperature,which results in formation of crystal like structure known as cubic bicontinuous liquid phase. Excess ethanol was removed from the homogenous dispersion using rotary evaporator (IKA RV 10) at 700 mmHg vacuum at a speed of 100 rpm. Further size reduction of the prepared cubosomal formulation was carried out using probe sonication for 30 s on–off cycle for 3 min at amplitude of 100%. Free drug from the formulation was removed using Sephadex G-25 column. Finally, the prepared cubosomal dispersion was stored in storage vial for further characterisation.
Nano-emulsomes for back of the eye delivery of Ganciclovir: formulation optimization, characterization & in vitro/in vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Rakhee Kapadia, Mahendra Jain, Dipak Patel, Ranjitsinh Devkar, Krutika Sawant
Thin film hydration method was used to prepare nano-emulsomes (NE) (Kapadia et al. 2021). In this method, different molar ratios of lipids (DPPC and GMS) and a fixed amount of cholesterol (0.2 moles of total lipids) were dissolved in 3 ml of chloroform in a round bottom flasks and thin film of lipids were formed after evaporating the solvent under reduced pressure at 40 °C. To ensure the complete removal of the used solvent, the RBF containing the thin films were kept overnight in a vacuum oven. Finally, GCV NE were obtained by hydrating the films with double distilled water containing 1 mg/ml of GCV by vortexing. Nano-emulsomes were obtained by reducing the size of emulsomes by ultrasonication (Labsonic® M, India) for 3, 6, and 9 min at 60% frequency. At each stage, dye (Sodium fluorescein) loaded emulsomes (SF-NE) were prepared for ocular distribution studies by replacing the drug with sodium fluorescein (SF) in the above procedure. Sephadex column was used for separating free SF from sodium fluorescein loaded emulsomes which were then further characterized for size and used.
Serine protease from Indian Cobra venom: its anticoagulant property and effect on human fibrinogen
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
K. N. Neema, Vivek Hamse Kameshwar, Zohara Nafeesa, Divya Kumar, Priya Babu Shubha, M. N. Nagendra Prasad, Shivananju Nanjunda Swamy
Lyophilized Naja naja venom from the western region was obtained from the Haffkine Institute, Mumbai, India. Sephadex G-75, CM-Sephadex C-25, and Sephadex G-50 were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, India. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Sodium hydroxide, Calcium chloride, and Sodium chloride were purchased from Merck, and SRL Chemicals. Casein, Sodium acetate, and Glycine, protease inhibitors phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), Ethylene glycol-tetra acetic acid (EGTA), and iodoacetic acid (IAA) were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Company, St. Louis, USA, and SRL Chemicals. Human plasma fibrinogen was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, India. SDS-PAGE Molecular weight markers mix was purchased from BioRad. All other chemicals were of analytical grade. This work was carried as a part of research project sanctioned by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgavi, Project vide no VTU/Aca/2011 12/A-9/739, dated 05-05-2012.