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Fungal allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Robert E. Esch, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Hari M. Vijay
Candida albicans belongs to the fungal class Saccharomycetes, order Saccharomycetales, and family Saccharomycetaceae, which include yeasts that reproduce by budding. Another member of the same family, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is perhaps the most economically important fungus and has served as a model eukaryotic organism for molecular and cell biologists. S. cerevisiae enolase has been identified as an important inhalant allergen associated with baker's asthma in occupational settings, with cross-reactivity to C. albicans enolase [160–162].
Debaryomyces
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The hemiascomycetes yeast genus Debaryomyces belongs to the family Debaryomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, class Saccharomycetes, subdivision Saccharomycotina (the budding yeasts), and division Ascomycota. It currently includes 18 valid species (i.e., D. coudertii, D. fabryi, D. gruetzii, D. hansenii, D. macquariensis, D. maramus, D. mycophilus, D. nepalensis, D. prosopidis, D. psychrosporus, D. robertsiae, D. singareniensis,8D. subglobosus, D. tyrocola, D. udenii, D. vietnamensis,9D. renaii,10 and D. vindobonensis) in addition to the Debaryomyces hansenii anamorph Candida famata and the D. subglobosus anamorph C. flareri (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=4958).11
Drug delivery to macrophages: a review of nano-therapeutics targeted approach for inflammatory disorders and cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Mahwash Mukhtar, Hussain Ali, Naveed Ahmed, Rashid Munir, Sumbal Talib, Anam S. Khan, Rita Ambrus
Glucan receptor, Dectin-1 is a pattern recognition receptor expressed by the myeloid cells including macrophages. β-glucan is the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) for Dectin-1. This glucan is found in fungal cell walls, hence enabling Dectin-1 to identify the fungus with precision. The high specificity also enables it to recognize only 1,3-linked and 1,6-linked glucans and not the rest of glucans with other linkages [19], and hence carbohydrate with special configurations can be used as the delivery carriers. This particular receptor is also involved in endocytosis of the attached moiety and this endocytosis may serve as a potential uptake mechanism for targeted delivery vehicles [20]. β-Glucan receptors on macrophages help in the recognition of pathogenic fungi and produce an effective immune response. Studies showed the uptake of Saccharomycetes cerevisiae by dectin-1 β-Glucan receptors and ligands of these receptors showed inhibition of Candida albicans yeasts by the murine macrophages (J774 cells) [18].
The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Di Zhang, Ying Wang, Sunan Shen, Yayi Hou, Yugen Chen, Tingting Wang
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can increase the risk of colorectal cancer,70 which is collectively known as colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). The involved mechanism concludes genes, inflammatory molecules, gastrointestinal tract microbiota and extracellular matrix. The effect of intestinal bacteria had been identified.71 After that, researchers found five fungi phyla in the intestine of patients with adenomas, which shown the advantage of abundance compared with the two phyla from patients with IBD.72 Moreover, they also identified that Fusarium genus of advanced adenomas was much richer than that of non-advanced subjects. It indicated that fungal colonization contribute the progression of adenoma. Subsequently, Gao and colleagues73 researched the mycobiota of polyp and CAC patients and complemented the contrast of healthy subjects. They verified the higher abundance of mycobiota in polyp and CAC patients with the comparsion of control group, characterized with the enrichment of Malassezia, Talaromyces, and Trametes. In addition, the difference of fungal structure in three groups was also shown in the result. Coker and colleagues74 creatively demonstrated that patients with colorectal cancer were characterized with the enhancive Basidiomycota:Ascomycota ratio, the changes in the abundance of Saccharomycetes, Pneumocystidomycetes, and Malasseziomycetes classes. Moreover, the antagonistic effects of mycobiota and bacteria in the intestine contribute to the development of colorectal tumors (Figure 2).
The intestinal microbiota and metabolites in patients with anorexia nervosa
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Petra Prochazkova, Radka Roubalova, Jiri Dvorak, Jakub Kreisinger, Martin Hill, Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova, Petra Tomasova, Helena Pelantova, Martina Cermakova, Marek Kuzma, Josef Bulant, Martin Bilej, Kvido Smitka, Alena Lambertova, Petra Holanova, Hana Papezova
Fungi from class Saccharomycetes dominated in fungal profiles of most samples (68% of reads on average, dominated by genus Saccharomyces, Candida, and Nakaseomyces). However, in the samples subset, we observed representatives of class Eurotiomycetes (10% of reads, represented by Penicillium and Aspergillus), mushroom-forming fungi Agaricomycetes (5% of reads, represented by Agaricus and Boletus), and Tremellomycetes (Solicoccomyza, Cryptococcus, and Naganishia, Figure 7, S1).