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Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
SCC is slow-growing, malignant skin cancer of the epidermis that often infiltrates the dermis and shows metastatic potential (5% with 2 cm tumor; 5%–10% in transplant patients). Microscopically, SCC may be separated into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated according to degree of differentiation and keratinization. In well-differentiated SCC, tumor cells are pleomorphic or atypical, with abundant pink cytoplasm, mild to moderate atypia, and well-developed keratinization. In moderately differentiated SCC, tumor cells show well- and poorly differentiated features, with focal keratinization. In poorly differentiated SCC, tumors are pleomorphic with a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, atypical nuclei, and no keratinization. SCC may demonstrate a spectrum of histologic patterns, including conventional, acantholytic, clear cell, desmoplastic, lymphoepitheliomatous, spindle cell, verrucous, and warty. Immunohistochemically, SCC is positive for various keratins (34βE12, AE1/AE3, MNF116, CK5/6), EMA, and p63, but negative for CAM5.2, BerEP4, S100P, and SMA [8].
Microarrays: Human Disease Detection and Monitoring
Published in Attila Lorincz, Nucleic Acid Testing for Human Disease, 2016
Janet A. Warrington, Thomas B. Broudy
Li et al. developed a microarray-based salivary diagnostic system to identify cancer-associated RNAs from the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.43 They profiled salivary mRNA and discovered 1,679 genes differentially expressed between cancer patient saliva and normal controls. Many of the genes in the expression signature may have little to do directly with cancer etiology, but accurately function as indirect markers for the underlying oral carcinoma.44 The team focused on seven of the most consistently expressed biomarkers, including transcripts of IL8, IL1B, DUSP1, HA3, OAZ1, S100P, and SAT.
Angiogenesis and Roles of Adhesion Molecules in Psoriatic Disease
Published in Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Debasis Bagchi, Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, 2017
Asmita Hazra, Saptarshi Mandal
The S100 proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight (9–13 kDa), ubiquitously expressed vertebrate proteins. They are called S100 because of their solubility in a 100% saturated solution with ammonium sulfate at neutral pH, as discovered by B. W. Moore in 1965. Each of them has two calcium binding EF-hand motifs in the monomer and forms antiparallel homodimers and occasionally heterodimers within themselves (e.g., S100A8/A9) and other proteins. They are not enzymes, but they are calcium-activated molecular switches similar to calmodulin or troponin C. They have pleiotropic intracellular and extracellular functions, for example, proliferation, differentiation, migration, energy metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammation, and cell death. There are at least 25 members of S100, and some of their specific functions include scavenging of ROS and NO (i.e., S100A8/A9), cytoskeleton assembly (e.g., S100A1, S100A4, S100A6, and S100A9), membrane protein docking and trafficking (e.g., S100A10 and S100A12), transcription regulation and DNA repair (e.g., S100A4, S100A11, S100A14, and S100B), cell differentiation (e.g., S100A6, S100A8/A9, and S100B), release of cytokines and antimicrobial agents (degranulation) (e.g., S100A8/A9, S100A12, and S100A13), muscle cell contractility (e.g., S100A1), cell growth and migration (e.g., S100A4, S100A8/A9, S100B, and S100P), and apoptosis (e.g., S100A6, S100A9, and S100B). The S100 proteins, once extracellular, are saturated with calcium and do not act as a calcium sensing switch, but can now scavenge other transition metal ions, for example, Zn, Cu, and Mn, which might be part of their antimicrobial action.
Dietary Garcinol Arrests Pancreatic Cancer in p53 and K-ras Conditional Mutant Mouse Model
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2018
Nadia Saadat, Sarah Akhtar, Arvind Goja, Nurul H. Razalli, Andreea Geamanu, Doina David, Yimin Shen, Smiti Vaid Gupta
S100P is a member of S100 family of proteins and is usually not expressed in pancreas. However, it is reported to be expressed in PC mainly due to hypo-methylation of a reported gene, and is related with resistance to chemotherapy and increased metastatic potential (29). S100P interacts with RAGE receptor which in turn activate different cell signaling pathways including MAP kinase and NFκb, causing increased survival, growth, and metastasis of tumor cells (29). S100P also takes part in degradation of β catenin through interaction with Cacy/SIP, a component of ubiquitination pathway. Thus, S100P is considered to be a good marker for Pan IN progression with an increase in expression from 13% in PanIN1to 31% in PanIN2 and 41% in PanIN3 (30). Lesions positive for S100P were reported to be significantly related to progression into invasive ductal adenocarcinoma (30).
Effect of perivascular low dose ethanol on rat femoral vessels: Preliminary study
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2020
Soysal Bas, Seyhan Hascicek, Ramazan Ucak, Alican Gunenc, Aysin Karasoy Yesilada
The surgical specimen was fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde. Sample tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks after processing. 4-micron thick sections were taken from these tissues in paraffin blocks. Tissue sections were prepared as routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemically S100 stained preparations for examination. Immunohistochemical study was performed in Leica Bond Max Fully Automatic immunohistochemistry device. Immunostaining was performed with rabbit polyclonal antibody against the S100 protein using a commercial kit (Leica, S100P-L-CE, RTU,1/200 diluted). Sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated through a series of xylene and ethanol washes. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with hydrogen peroxide. After a 25-min incubation with protease, the diluted antibodies were applied to the slides. Expression was detected with a polymer detection kit (Leica DS9800 Bond Polymer Refine Detection Automated), and the color was developed with diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Mayer’s hematoxylin was used for counterstaining. The preparations were re-hydrated by 95% and 100% alcohols. After cleaning with xylene, it was covered with mounting medium and was ready for examination under a light microscope. S100 positive nerve tissue was detected, which was determined to be light-dark brown with chromogen. The preparations were blindly evaluated by two experienced pathologists under light microscopy. Endothelial proliferation, perivascular nerve injury and inflammation were evaluated. Endothelial proliferation, periarterial inflammation and nerve degeneration were scored from one to three; normal, mild and severe (Table 1). In addition, tunica media damage and inflammatory cell involvement were evaluated.
S100B protein: general characteristics and pathophysiological implications in the Central Nervous System
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Ana Cristina Arrais, Lívia Helena M. F. Melo, Bianca Norrara, Marina Abuquerque B. Almeida, Kalina Fernandes Freire, Acydalia Madruga M. F. Melo, Lucidio Clebeson de Oliveira, Francisca Overlânia Vieira Lima, Rovena Clara G. J. Engelberth, Jeferson de Souza Cavalcante, Dayane Pessoa de Araújo, Fausto Pierdoná Guzen, Marco Aurelio M. Freire, José Rodolfo L. P. Cavalcanti
The S100P protein is composed of about 95 amino acids and was originally detected in the placenta, hence the name S100 placenta, is still used. Studies have identified its high expression in neoplastic processes, including carcinoma in breasts, ovaries, lungs and the pancreas (16). A strong association between S100P and the estrogen receptor in the potential of neoplastic histological lesions has been demonstrated, confirming the important role of this protein in the detection of carcinomas. The absence of this protein is affirmed to make tumor progression practically null and even more striking is that its action also depends on the estrogen receptor (29).