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An Immunohistological Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Brain Tumors
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
Hugh B. Coakham, Stephen P. Bourne
Schwannomas growing from the 8th cranial nerve are uncommon in children, and when they occur in this group are a manifestation of neurofibromatosis (central type). The tumor does not generally cause difficulty in pathological diagnosis; however, it has been immunohistologically studied in the past. The polyclonal antibody has been previously used in anti-S100,34–36 but this is not considered to be a reliable diagnostic indicator.4 However, in our experience, Schwannoma may be characterized by a unique and consistent pattern of reactivity with UJ13A and UJ127.11. Monoclonal antibody UJ127.11 has previously been extensively used as a marker in neuroblastic tumor cells.7 The postivity of this marker on Schwannoma is consistent with the neural crest origin of this tumor.
Molecular Pathology
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Astrocytes are more resistant to hypoxic conditions than neurones. The S100 proteins have an A and B subunit and are small acidic calcium-binding proteins. S100B is highly specific for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymocytes in the central nervous system. Clinically, S100B seems to act as a serum marker of brain damage from cerebral injury and hypoxia/ischaemia. Li et al. [20] found that, in cases of asphyxiation due to neck compression, the number of astrocytes immunostained with anti-S100 or anti-GFAP was significantly decreased, compared with that for other asphyxiation and acute myocardial infarction. Reciprocally, serum S100B levels were significantly higher in asphyxiation by neck compression than in other types of asphyxiation. These observations imply that astrocytes and serum S100B would be available biomarkers for supporting the diagnosis of asphyxiation due to neck compression.
Pathophysiology and Management of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Kushal Kumar, Kalpana Kumari Barwal, Sunil Kumar Hota
The S100 classes of proteins are low molecular weight proteins that have been characterized by their two calcium-binding sites with helix-loop-helix conformation [49]. The 21 different types of S100 class of proteins have been reported in the literature and considered as DAMPs [50]. The major function of S100 class of proteins is their function as Ca2+ sensing, and once activated, they may interact with other proteins resulting in regulation of their activity. S100B firstly identified S100 class of protein has been reported to secrete by astrocytes [74]. Secreted S100B protein may exert regulatory activities intra- and extracellular signals and has been considered as a specific marker of brain injury [34, 75]. More specifically, elevated serum S100B has been considered as a marker of neuroinflammation associated with acute and chronic injury [51].
S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A8 Functions as a Tumor-Promoting Factor in Renal Cell Carcinoma via Activating NF-κB Signaling Pathway
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Shu-Hui Wang, Yan-Jie Xia, Jing Yu, Chun-Yan He, Jie-Ru Han, Ji-Xiang Bai
The S100 protein family, exclusively expressed in vertebrates, is reported to have a crucial role in regulating inflammation-related processes during multiple diseases, especially in malignancies [20]. S100 proteins consist of 25 core paralogs, including S100A1-S100A18, S100B, S100G, etc [21]. S100A7 was deemed to present as a diagnostic biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma [22]. S100A9 was an important driver for hepatocellular carcinoma [23]. Additionally, the expressions of S100A8, S100A9, and S100B were upregulated in the serum of glioma patients and might act as biomarkers for prognosis [24]. In the present study, S100A8 expression was observably elevated in RCC samples compared with the normal tissues, not only by microarray analysis in GEO datasets but also by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Such consistent results indicated that S100A8 was associated with the development of RCC.
Identification of hub genes and potential biomarkers of neutrophilic asthma: evidence from a bioinformatics analysis
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Qibin Lin, Haiyang Ni, Jieying Zhong, Zhishui Zheng, Hanxiang Nie
Presently, the S100 protein family comprises at least 20 members that are involved in diverse functions, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, energy metabolism, and inflammation (26). S100A12 is a member of the S100 protein family. It is also known as S100/calgranulin C and exists both within and outside of cells (27). S100A12 is expressed in many inflammatory cells and is present in the greatest abundance in neutrophils (28). The S100A12 protein undergoes conformational rearrangement and activation (27). The activated S100A12 protein can activate cell surface receptors, such as receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), to promote inflammation (28). Jin Hyun Kang et al. found that S100A12 acts on airway epithelial cells to induce MUC5AC production, supporting the important role of S100 protein in the pathogenesis of obstructive airway diseases dominated by neutrophils (28). In addition, S100A12 is considered to be related to oxidative stress in local airway inflammation (29). It has been proven that the S100A12 protein participates in lung diseases (27). Our study found that the sputum S100A12 level could be used to discriminate NA patients from EA patients and healthy people, suggesting that sputum S100A12 is a potential biomarker of NA. Current clinical trials related to the S100 protein family are mainly focused on nonpulmonary diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (27). Our research suggests that anti-S100A12 antibodies may benefit NA patients, but further studies are warranted.
Circulating biomarkers of response to immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Zachary Garrison, Noah Hornick, Jeffrey Cheng, Rajan P. Kulkarni
As S100 proteins have only recently gained traction as a circulating biomarker for immune therapies, there are still many unanswered questions to investigate. Little is known regarding the cancers that are influenced by S100A8/A9. Melanoma remains one of the most commonly studied cancers in regard to S100A8/A9 influence [27]. There are also several other S100 proteins that have barely been researched in the same context as A8 and A9. The S100B protein has also become a protein of interest as a prognostic immune therapy biomarker [28,29]. Clarifying potential utility for the full complement of S100 proteins as well as determining thresholds for CBI response will be key steps to more effective clinical utilization of these proteins. A better understanding of when S100 protein levels are the most informative within the context of treatment timing is crucial for clinical use.