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Critical Appraisal of Animal Models for Antibiotic Toxicity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Patricia D. Williams, Girard H. Hottendorf
Observations and Measurements: After the initiation of drug treatment, changes in general health or behavior were recorded daily, food intakes wereestimated each day, and body weights were determined twice a week. At 5–6 hr after each daily dosing, all cats were observed for evidence of ataxia, impaired righting reflex, and auditory deficit. Ataxia was evaluated while allowing the cat to walk about the room and was scored as follows: 0, no ataxia, normal gait; 1, slight ataxia, faltering gait on change of direction;2, moderate ataxia, incoordination evident while walking; and 3, markedataxia, equilibrium markedly affected, barely able to stand. Righting impairment was examined by the drop fall righting reflex (from approximately 1 monto a rubber pad) and was scored on the basis of the number of abnormalfalls from the inverted position in three drops. Auditory deficit was evaluatedby observing for the Preyer pinna orienting reflex response to various soundstimuli, including a whistle, a vocal call, or a hand clap, and was scored as agood, a questionable, or no detectable response.
Motor development and postural control
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
The brain stem signals the emergence of the ability to control muscle tone and posture, as well as several equilibrium reactions, including the righting reflexes. The righting reflexes are concerned with maintaining the position of the body through the input of sensory information into the vestibular apparatus. Sensory information is then sent to the brain stem, which controls contraction of the appropriate postural muscles necessary to maintain an upright posture. The brain stem also controls the muscles that fixate the eyes while the head is moving. Four righting reflexes that are under brain stem control are the labyrinthine righting, neck righting, body righting, and the optic righting reflexes. The labyrinthine righting reflex is concerned with the infant’s ability to lift the head and maintain an upright head position when the body is turned. The neck righting reflex is concerned with the alignment of the neck to the head. While the labyrinthine reflex keeps the head upright when the body is turned, the neck righting reflex will allow the neck to follow the head to an upright position, leading to segmental rolling. The body righting reflex is responsible for stimulation of one side of the body and subsequent ability of the infant to right itself even when the head is held in a lateral position. The optic righting reflex allows the infant to alter and attain positions necessary to achieve an upright posture and head position (Shumway-Cook & Woollacott, 2006).
Motor development
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
The labyrinthine reflex can be elicited by holding the infant in an upright position and then tilting the infant forward. The infant should maintain the face in a vertical position and the mouth in a horizontal position. Another righting reflex is the neck-righting reflex which causes a range of responses. If the infant’s head is extended (Figure 14.4), then this will result in extension of the spine. Equally, if the infant’s head is flexed, the spine will flex. Finally, turning the infant’s head to one side will result in reflex response where the infant will turn his or her shoulders and body in the same direction as the head. The pull-up reflex is another righting reflex where the infant will pull themselves into an upright position if held by the arms. This keeps the head in an upright position. The next group of reflexes to be considered is equilibrium reflexes, which involve a full body response when the infant experiences a change in the position of the center of gravity.
The pros and cons of motor, memory, and emotion-related behavioral tests in the mouse traumatic brain injury model
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Ruoyu Zhang, Junming Wang, Leo Huang, Tom J. Wang, Yinrou Huang, Zefu Li, Jinxin He, Chen Sun, Jing Wang, Xuemei Chen, Jian Wang
Although the behavioral and motor abnormalities in mouse and human TBI are quite different, the principle of the measurement is similar. For example, the NSS is a basic neurobehavioral test that can assess the overall neurologic deficits in TBI mice. This test is similar to those tests used in humans that aim to assess the level of consciousness and the degree of impaired responsiveness in TBI patients such as the Glasgow Coma Score exam and the revised injury severity classification score. In addition, as an indicator of injury severity [143], the righting reflex has been used to assess arousal in rodents in several TBI laboratories [144]. The restoration of the righting reflex represents restored consciousness similar to humans [145]. Some cortical functioning assessed in TBI patients can be measured in animal models. Cognitive functions such as working memory and spatial learning ability are frequently tested in both clinical and rodent studies of TBI. It should be noted that specific behavioral tests allow clinical hallmarks of depression such as behavioral despair and anhedonia to be evaluated in rodents. However, research in this area is still very limited. Further validation is needed to relate the findings from rodent models with TBI-associated neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Such preclinical, clinical, translational, and interdisciplinary research strategies require collaboration as well as efforts from basic scientists and clinicians, which are challenging to achieve [146].
Cognitive Stabilization Intervention during the Era of COVID-19
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2021
Margaret Lanca, Danielle N. Abrams, Persephone Crittenden, Kelly M. Jones
The overarching therapeutic framework of CSI is MI, which is used to help the patient move from inaction to implementation (Miller & Rollnick, 2002). It was initially conceived as a brief intervention for substance abuse patients (Miller, 1983), but has expanded to address many other health problems. The cooperative nature of MI, paired with a focus on revealing to patients their own reasons (values, concerns) for making behavior changes, allows patients to rely on their own abilities to create behavior change. Using four primary guiding principles of: 1) resisting the “righting reflex,” 2) understanding and exploring a patient’s own motivation, 3) listening with empathy, and 4) empowering the patient to remain hopeful and optimistic, MI helps patients tackle ambivalence and/or challenges following through on lifestyle changes in a supportive and efficient manner (Rollnick, Miller, & Butler, 2008).
Intergenerational transmission of maternal care deficiency and offspring development delay induced by perinatal protein malnutrition
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
Octavio Gianatiempo, Silvina V. Sonzogni, Estefanía A. Fesser, Laura M. Belluscio, Ezequiel Smucler, Mariela R. Sued, Eduardo T. Cánepa
Offspring development was evaluated using the same protocol for F1, F2, and F3 generations. Developmental landmarks and neurological reflexes were assessed from PD8 until complete development of the landmark or acquisition of the reflex. Two female and two male pups from each litter were randomly selected and marked on PD8. These pups were weighed every day until weaning (Supplementary Fig. 2). For the assessment of physical growth, the following changes were observed and recorded: ventral fur emergence, opening of the auditory canal and eyes opening. For neurological reflex evaluation, the sound startle reflex and the air righting reflex were analyzed.13,33 The sound startle reflex test was performed every day from PD8 until acquisition. Pups were held by the scruff of the neck and presented with a sound of 80 dB in a 74 dB background. The reflex was considered present when a sudden and transient freezing was detected immediately after the sound and was considered acquired when it was present for two consecutive days. The air righting reflex test was performed every day from PD12 until acquisition. Mice were held upside-down at a height of 50 cm over a padded surface and then dropped. The reflex was considered present if the pup successfully righted itself during the fall and was considered acquired when it was present in two consecutive days.