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Fungal allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Robert E. Esch, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Hari M. Vijay
Rhodotorula belong to the fungal class Microbotryomycetes, order Sporidiobolales, and are among the most common environmental yeasts found in air, soil, water, milk, and fruits [220]. They can colonize human skin, and R. mucilaginosa (R. rubra), R. glutinis, and R. minuta are known opportunistic pathogens. In a study evaluating antibody responses to common yeasts in atopic patients, Savolainen et al. [221] identified five IgE-binding components using Western blotting and sera from eight patients sensitized to R. mucilaginosa. Two allergens have been cloned and sequenced: Enolase, Rho m 1 [222]; and vacuolar serine protease, Rho m 2 [223]. Among R. mucilaginosa–sensitized bronchial asthmatic patients, 21% demonstrated IgE antibodies to Rho m 1, while 57% demonstrated IgE to the 31 kDa Rho m 2. Both allergens are highly cross-reactive with their respective homologues from other prevalent fungal species. Enolase allergens from C. albicans, S. cerevisiae, P. citrinum, A. fumigatus, C. herbarum, and A. alternata have 74%–85% sequence identity with Rho m 1 and serine protease allergens from three different Penicillium species share 67%–68% sequence identity with Rho m 2.
Rhodotorula spp.
Published in Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Pocket Guide to Mycological Diagnosis, 2019
Rejane Pereira Neves, Ana Maria Rabelo de Carvalho, Carolina Maria da Silva, Danielle Patrícia Cerqueira Macêdo, Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto
The collection of clinical specimens should be performed according to the location of the lesion. There should always be more caution in the interpretation of the results when it comes to non-sterile body sites. Since Rhodotorula species are emerging yeasts that are isolated from several environmental sources, it is essential for the clinical samples to be collected aseptically and for the culture to be seeded in duplicate (Miceli et al., 2011).
Epidemiology of fungal infections: What, where, and when
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Frederic Lamoth, Sylvia F. Costa, Barbara D. Alexander
Rhodotorula spp. are ubiquitous basidiomycetous yeasts and opportunistic human pathogens. Most cases of Rhodotorula infections are fungemia (mainly central venous catheter-related) occurring in patients with underlying immunosuppression or cancer [491,492]. Rhodotorula spp. are responsible for less than 1% of fungemia, but are, with Trichosporon spp., the most frequent non-Candida yeasts causing bloodstream infections [493,494]. Eye infections, peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis, endocarditis and meningitis have also been reported. R. mucilaginosa account for most cases, while R. glutinis and R. minuta account for the few remaining cases. Rhodotorula spp. are intrinsically resistant to azoles and echinocandins and may cause breakthrough infections in onco-hematological patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis [495]. Rhodotorula infections are difficult to treat because of the absence of alternative therapy to amphotericin B.
Faster infection diagnostics for intensive care unit (ICU) patients
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Almudena Burillo, Emilio Bouza
These panels are aimed at identifying the microorganisms that most frequently cause bacteremia. Targets vary between assays. The most frequent Gram-positives are Staphylococcus and the species aureus and coagulase-negative, Enterococcus and its species faecalis and faecium, Listeria spp. and Streptococcus and its species. Among the Gram-negatives there are Enterobacterales, and non-fermenting bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii. Among the fungi, Candida and species, Cryptococcus spp., and some assays include Rhodotorula spp. and Fusarium spp. too. The most frequent resistance mechanisms in Gram-positive (e.g. oxacillin, vancomycin) and Gram-negative bacteria (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, carbapenemases) are included in some.
Preliminary study of the oral mycobiome of children with and without dental caries
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Jacquelyn M. Fechney, Gina V. Browne, Neeta Prabhu, Laszlo Irinyi, Wieland Meyer, Toby Hughes, Michelle Bockmann, Grant Townsend, Hanieh Salehi, Christina J. Adler
Many of the fungi identified as a core of the childhood oral mycobiome are ubiquitous in the external environment and it is not unusual that they have been isolated from the oral cavity. For example, Alternaria and Cladosporium species have both been isolated from the airways and have been identified as a common airborne allergen associated with asthma [52,53]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly referred to as Baker’s yeasts and are frequently found as a harmless, transient fungus in the oral cavity and digestive tract [54]. Rhodotorula species are widespread environmental fungi but are known to be opportunistic pathogens frequently responsible for a number of infections, including infections during catheterisation, and in cases of endocarditis and peritonitis [55]. Malassezia have been identified as normal commensals of the skin, but are also known to be pathogens, responsible for an array of cutaneous diseases [56]. M. globosa has been identified in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, and one of the main pathways for microorganisms to reach the airway is via the mouth [57].
Diversity, frequency and antifungal resistance of Candida species in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Juan Aitken-Saavedra, Rafael G. Lund, Jaime González, Romina Huenchunao, Ilia Perez-Vallespir, Irene Morales-Bozo, Blanca Urzúa, Sandra Chaves Tarquinio, Andrea Maturana-Ramírez, Josué Martos, Ricardo Fernandez-Ramires, Alfredo Molina-Berríos
Six yeast species were identified. The most frequent was C. albicans (66.1%), followed by C. glabrata (20.7%), C. dubliniensis (8.23%), C. tropicalis (1.73%), C. guilliermondii (0.96%) and Rhodotorula spp (0.02%). The remaining 2.21% of the samples could not be identified. Thirty-eight subjects (97.4%) had C. albicans, 11 (28.2%) had C. glabrata, three (7.69%) had C. tropicalis, two (5.13%) had C. guilliermondii and one (2.56%) had C. dubliniensis. One patient had an unidentified species of the genus Rhodotorula spp. (Table 1).