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Brain swelling, raised intracranial pressure and hypoxia-related brain injury
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The following features should be identified (Figure 12.15):Bright red to pink and not magenta cytoplasm.Pyknotic or disintegrating nuclei (pyknosis refers to nuclear shrinkage with dark intense staining and irregular profiles).Indistinct nucleoli and Nissl bodies.Prominent cell shrinkage.Red neuronal change should occur in groups of cells and not simply in rare, isolated cells interspersed with normal appearing neurons. It is acknowledged that metabolic differences between cells may allow some to develop these changes earlier than others and it is therefore possible that isolated cells surrounded by normal cells could represent cells possibly (not definitely) reflecting an early stage of injury in the form of dark neurons.
A Histopathologic Classification of Chemical-Induced Injury of the Liver
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
John M. Cullen, Boris H. Ruebner
Formation of acidophilic bodies or apoptosis is a different type of cell death which is differentiated clearly morphologically from that type of cell death associated with lytic necrosis (Figure 6) (Duvall and Wyllie, 1986). In this type of cell death the cytoplasm becomes dehydrated and more dense. This type of cell death is associated with nuclear pyknosis. Apoptosis is seen in a great variety of types of cell injury, particularly those of viral origin and also in atrophy as seen, for instance, in the myometrium after pregnancy. As far as chemical liver injury is concerned, apoptosis is seen in alcoholic liver injury and may also be found to some extent in injury by a great variety of toxic agents. Formation of apoptotic bodies is particularly striking in livers which are returning to normal size following lead-injection-induced hepatomegaly (Columbano et al., 1984).
Cardiovascular System and Muscle
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology: Volume II, 2019
Radiation-induced changes in the heart which have been reported include swelling of the fibers, loss of longitudinal and cross striations, homogenization of the sarco-plasm, delicate or coarse granulation of the sarcoplasm, and disappearance of protoplasm with persistence of hollow sarcolemma. Nuclei have been reported as showing pyknosis or hyperchromasia around the nuclear membrane, fragmentation, complete disintegration, or lysis. Small arterioles in the irradiated heart have shown thickened intima and degeneration and hyalinization of the media.
Apoptosis is involved in paraoxon-induced histological changes in rat cerebellum
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Zohreh Zare, Sam Zarbakhsh, Shamim Mashhadban, Afshin Moradgholi, Moslem Mohammadi
In the current study, a decrease in the number of Purkinje cells (∼42%) and the thickness of both molecular and granular layers (∼30%) in animals intoxicated with a higher convulsive dose of paraoxon (1 mg/kg) at both time points. Pyknosis is the condensation of the chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing apoptosis and often precedes nuclear fragmentation. It is important to note that pyknosis can also occur with necrotic cell death (Elmore 2007). Although we did not investigate the cause of pyknosis, pyknotic Purkinje cells were found in the cerebellum of animals treated with 1 mg/kg of paraoxon at both time points. No histological changes were observed in rats that received 0.3 and 0.7 mg/kg of paraoxon. In our previous studies, neuronal damage was observed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus following exposure to 1 mg/kg of paraoxon and in the prefrontal cortex and CA3 area post-exposure to 0.7 and 1 mg/kg of paraoxon (Zare et al. 2020a, 2020b). These results confirm that neuronal tissues have different vulnerabilities to OP-induced damage.
The adverse effects of carbofuran are efficiently counteracted by the supplementation of star anise (Illicium verum) in broiler chicks
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ashiq Ali, Aisha Khatoon, Zain Ul Abidin, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Rao Zahid Abbas, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Shafia Tehseen Gul, Farzana Rizvi
Renal parenchyma of control group was normal with normal tubular epithelial cells. Urinary spaces were normal with normal glomeruli throughout the parenchyma and both cortex and medullary regions were normal (Figure 2(D)). Similar pattern was also noticed in group D given star anise alone. However, in group B (CF 1), mild degree congestion was noticed and at few places, nuclei of tubular epithelial cells were pyknotic while in group C (CF 2) mild to moderate degree congestion was observed throughout the parenchyma with occlusion of fluid within lumen of renal tubules. At some places, pyknosis was noticed in nuclei of tubular epithelial cells indicating individual cell necrosis (Figure 2(E)). Pyknotic nuclei were also present at few places in the medullary region and at most of the places the urinary spaces were increased. Kidney of group E (CF 1 with star anise) showed congestion at only few places otherwise the parenchyma was normal in appearance. However, kidney of group F (CF 2 with star anise) showed mild congestion and urinary spaces were increased at some places. Pyknotic nuclei were also observed in tubular epithelial cells showing mild degree necrosis of individual cells (Figure 2(F)).
Development of dual-targeted nano-dandelion based on an oligomeric hyaluronic acid polymer targeting tumor-associated macrophages for combination therapy of non-small cell lung cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Bingjie Wang, Wei Zhang, Xiudi Zhou, Mengna Liu, Xiaoya Hou, Ziting Cheng, Daquan Chen
The toxicity levels of various formulations were measured in tumors and major organs of mice. Histological analysis of tumor and major organs is shown in Figure 11. Free Cur and free Cur/Bai treatment showed damage to the liver. In contrast, a few or undetectable hepatic lesions was shown in the treated groups with QHMF@Cur, QH@Cur/Bai and QHMF@Cur/Bai, which testified that QHMF@Cur, QH@Cur/Bai, and QHMF@Cur/Bai had fewer physical toxicities compared with free Cur and free Cur/Bai. QHMF@Cur, QH@Cur/Bai, and QHMF@Cur/Bai treated groups show the good tumor inhibitory effects. As we can see from Figure 11, the tumor cells have obvious pyknosis, especially QHMF@Cur/Bai treated group.