China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
Although precise protein recommendations are still somewhat controversial, an abundance of evidence supports the notion that athletes require protein intakes beyond the RDA, especially during periods of high-volume training (39, 56, 129, 131, 135, 136, 162, 171, 176, 235, 237). As previously mentioned, protein requirement may be dependent on several factors such as exercise type, volume and intensity of training, length of training period, carbohydrate intake, environmental factors, the timing of intake, quality of protein ingested, and perhaps sex (129, 136). Although the exact mechanisms and reasons for increased protein may be different (131, 135, 149), both aerobic and anaerobic training require additional protein intake (129, 214, 215). Specific to endurance athletes, an increased protein requirement may be partially associated with tissue repair but is more associated with the increased potential use of amino acids, particularly branch chained amino acids (BCAA), as energy substrates. In contrast, an increased protein requirement for strength-power athletes may be more focused on underlying mechanisms that promote hypertrophic adaptations such as tissue repair, tissue remodeling, and maintenance of a positive nitrogen balance (129, 214).
Parenteral Nutrition
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Protein needs depend on severity of illness. Stress factors such as sepsis, thermal injury, surgery, trauma, and stoma losses increase protein requirements. Urinary excretion of nitrogen related to steroids, diuretics, or primary renal disease also can increase the protein requirement. Indications for protein restriction may include renal disease (Chapter 20), hepatic failure (Chapter 18), and inborn errors of metabolism (Chapter 23).
Ketogenic Diets
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Douglas R. Nordli, Dorcas Koenigsberger, Joanne Schroeder, Darryl C. de Vivo
The medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet is calculated in a slightly different manner. Here, caloric percentages, rather than weight ratios are used to determine the constituents. An example of a 60% MCT diet for a 10-kg child is provided in Table 5. The dietary prescription is determined in the following manner. One begins by calculating the amount of MCT oil required, which in this particular example should provide exactly 600 kcal each day (based on the 60% figure and a nutritional requirement of 1000 kcal/day). Since each cc of MCT provides 8.3 kcal, the daily allotment of MCT is thus 72 cc. Typically, this is added to some milk and water to make the oil more palatable and to allow for additional fluid needs. This mixture is made fresh each day, and then divided for three meals. The amount of milk used is dependent upon the child’s willingness and ability to consume this. The remaining protein requirement, based on the RDA figures, is then largely supplied with an appropriate quantity of meat. In addition, the residual carbohydrate allowances are then provided by a mixture of bread, fruit, and vegetables. Once again, it is important when devising the prescription of the diet to take into account the individual’s preferences. Finally, the remaining fat is supplied by a long-chain triglyceride source.
Effects of a Plant-Based High-Protein Diet on Fatigue in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy – a Randomized Controlled Trial
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Esther Sathiaraj, Kamar Afshan, Sruthi R, Arti Jadoni, Krithika Murugan, Shekhar Patil, Radheshyam Naik
A negative correlation was also observed between fatigue scores and muscle mass, although this was not statistically significant. This could imply that by increasing muscle mass among patients with breast cancer, the prevalence of fatigue could be reduced. This is consistent with previous studies that have shown that prevention of sarcopenia and preservation of muscle mass have positive patient-related outcomes, including fatigue (43, 44). A recent study has shown that a high protein diet and not isolated branched chain amino acid can improve the skeletal muscle mass in patients with gastrointestinal cancers (45) while whey protein supplementation is considered excellent for maintaining muscle mass even under caloric restriction (46). Protein source is a topic of interest for patients and clinicians. A diet rich in plant-derived proteins may support muscle anabolism, albeit requiring a larger quantity of protein to fulfill the recommended intake (47) and therefore a whey-based supplement was added to the intervention protocol to meet the protein requirement. A high protein diet can be a cost-effective way to improve muscle mass rather than focusing on ingestion of supplements. However, whey protein contains branched-chain amino acids, has a high amino acid content, and is digested rapidly, making it a high-quality protein source. Branched-chain amino acids such as leucine are considered major stimulators of muscle protein synthesis (48, 49). A longer study duration may have demonstrated a stronger and statistically significant correlation between muscle mass and CRF.
Differences In Nutritional And Physical Health Indicators Among Older African Americans, European Americans, And Hispanic Americans
Published in Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2019
Sareen S. Gropper, Ruth M. Tappen, Edgar Ramos Vieira
A contributing factor to the age-related changes in muscle, frailty, and malnutrition is insufficient protein intake. Low protein intake negatively impacts nutritional status, diminishes muscle mass, strength, and function, and increases risk of morbidity and mortality.10 Muscle loss represents a marker for functional protein depletion.11 Sufficient quantities of protein must be consumed to reduce muscle atrophy and stimulate muscle protein synthesis.4,12–16 Higher dietary protein intakes have been associated with significantly greater muscle mass maintenance and function in community-dwelling older adults.17–20 In the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, participants with a protein intake of 1.2 (±0.4) g protein/kg body weight lost significantly less lean mass over a 3-year period than participants consuming 0.8 (±0.3) g protein/kg body weight.17 However, many older adults fail to consume adequate protein levels.21–24 Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) II and III demonstrated that energy intake declined with aging, and while the percentage of energy derived from protein remained constant, absolute protein intake in grams declined.21,22 Data from NHANES 2005–2006 showed that about 20% of women and 5% of men aged 51–70 years, and about 24% of women and 12% of men older than 70 years ingested less than the 0.66 g/kg body weight protein requirement.22,23
Evaluation of supervised multimodal prehabilitation programme in cancer patients undergoing colorectal resection: a randomized control trial
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2018
Guillaume Bousquet-Dion, Rashami Awasthi, Sarah-Ève Loiselle, Enrico M. Minnella, Ramanakumar V. Agnihotram, Andreas Bergdahl, Francesco Carli, Celena Scheede-Bergdahl
At baseline, all participants had their nutritional status assessed and were counseled accordingly by a registered dietitian. Nutritional status was evaluated using the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and the Nutritional Risk Screening tool NRS2002 [15]. The SGA gives letter scores to patients based on their degree of malnourishment; A = well nourished, B = mildly to moderately malnourished, or suspected malnutrition, C = severely malnourished. The NRS2002 attributes for risk factors such as nutritional status, the severity of disease and age, and patients with scores ≥3 are considered at nutrition risk. Participants were asked to complete a three-day food diary from which carbohydrate, fat and protein quantities were estimated using food exchange lists and composition tables. Macronutrient intake was evaluated based on Dietary Reference Intake Values [16], and food choices were compared to Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide recommendations [17]. Protein requirement in the healthy adult is 0.8 g/kg of body weight per day, but requirements in the surgical patients are higher at 1.2 g/kg of body weight (or adjusted body weight in obese patients) as per European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guidelines [18]. If the patient did not meet the protein requirement by diet alone, they were provided with whey protein supplementation to match ESPEN guidelines (Immunocal®; Immunotec Inc., Vaudreuil, Canada). Patients were instructed to ingest protein and/or the supplements within one hour of their exercise training to make use of the ‘anabolic window’, the moment at which muscle protein synthesis is the highest [19]. Further nutritional counseling was given to help with bowel movements regularity, body composition optimization and glycemic control.