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Envisioning Utilization of Super Grains for Healthcare
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Proteins are the primary components involved in the muscle formation and are the important part of the cell structure. They are made up of amino acids, which are generally categorized into essential and nonessential ones. Protein-rich foods are gaining attention gradually due to the fact that the high protein foods help in the weight reduction and muscle formation. There are certain parameters that defines the quality of the protein such as in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), protein efficiency ratio (PER), biological value [171], which essentially depend on the protein molecular structure and associated components that consequently affect the enzyme accessibility [190].
Towards the Importance of Fenugreek Proteins
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Protein efficiency ratio (PER), ratio of weight gain of a test group to total protein consumed, and corrected PER (i.e., PER of a test protein to PER of the casein control) of fenugreek seeds as indicators of protein quality and its bioavailability were studied by Rao and Sharma (1987). They found PER of 2, 1.86, and 1.4 for diets with 35% raw defatted fenugreek seed, 35% cooked defatted fenugreek seed, and 10% fenugreek protein, respectively, in rats. PER below 1.5, 1.5–2.0, and more than 2.0 approximately describes a protein of poor, intermediate, good to high quality (Friedman, 1996). However, considering the fact that FAO/WHO proposed amino acids scores as an accurate method, the nutritional value of protein isolates are mainly reported based on comparison between amino acid content of desired protein isolate with those required according to WHO/FAO.
Weaning: Why, When and What?
Published in Frank Falkner, Infant and Child Nutrition Worldwide:, 2021
Many infants receive cereals as their first solid food and these contribute to energy intake, given their high content of carbohydrates and, sometimes, that of added sugar. “Milk cereal” formulas imply that some milk is in the product, while others are to be used only with water and do not contain milk. “Complete” milk cereals contain fruit or vegetables. ESPGAN recommendations (1981) suggest a protein content of l-3g/100kcal except for the milk containing cereals and so called protein enriched products. Cereals containing milk or described as enriched with proteins and to be prepared with water, should contain no less than 3.75g/100kcal of protein of a nutritional quality containing a minimum of 70% of casein or an equivalent level in relation to a higher biological value as determined by protein efficiency ratio; that is to say, the protein level in a milk cereal should be linked to the nutritional value of the protein. It is recommended that all or part of sucrose be exchanged by partially enzymatically hydrolyzed flour, and by this method polysaccharides may be cut down to shorter and sweeter units.
Acute and sublethal effects of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Rajib Majumder, Anilava Kaviraj
Long term exposure to different sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0.0, 12.0, and 25.0 μg/L) on mortality, feed utilization and growth performance of O. niloticus have been presented in Table 5 There was significant variation in mortality between the concentrations. As compared to control, mortality of the fish significantly increased at 12.0 and 25.0 µg/L of chlorpyrifos exposure. The results clearly indicate that pulse treatment of chlorpyrifos for ninety days significantly reduced growth rate of the exposed fish in comparison to control. The results showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in weight gain percentage (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) with the increasing concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of the chlorpyrifos exposed fish was significantly higher than that of control (p < 0.05). Growth reduced with the increase in concentration of chlorpyrifos. Proximate compositions of carcass of the sampled fish have been presented in Table 6. The proximate composition analysis of carcass of O. niloticus at the end of 90 days in outdoor trial indicate increase of all parameters (crude protein, crude lipid and ash content) as compared to initial values. The rate of increase was significantly lower in chlorpyrifos exposed fish than the control (p < 0.05).