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Platform Molecules from Algae by Using Supercritical CO2 and Subcritical Water Extraction
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Nidhi Hans, Satya Narayan Naik, Anushree Malik
Florescent pigments isolated from cryptomonads and dinoflagellates are used as intracellular markers and serve as labels for antibodies and receptors in immunolabelling experiments (Glazer and Alexander, 1994). Phycobiliprotein produced from cyanobacteria Arthosporia and rhodophyte Porphyridium is commercially available and is widely used as colorants in candy bars, sweets, cold drinks, chewing gums, dairy products and so on (Spolaore et al., 2006).
Bioprocessing of Microalgae for the Production of Value Compounds
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Giorgos Markou, Christina Ν. Economou, Imene Chentir
Salinity is another important parameter that influences growth and biochemical composition of microalgae after exposure to lower or higher salinity levels than their natural or adapted levels. Salinity stress induces oxidative stress and forces microalgae to alter their biochemical composition, such as to increase their content of lipids or carbohydrates (Pancha et al. 2015). High salinity level has been also investigated for triggering exopolysaccharides accumulation in several microalgae strains as a protective response which may reduce the diffusion of ions through the cell surface (Moreno et al. 2003; Chentir et al. 2017). Proteinaceous compounds such phycobiliproteins are enhanced by moderate salinity. NaCl concentration up to 0.6 M resulted in an elevation of total phycobiliprotein content from about 25% of dry weight to 45%, but further increase to 0.9 M NaCl affected negatively the phycobiliprotein synthesis (Hifney et al. 2013; Chentir et al. 2018). Salinity stress is applied as the main manipulation strategy in cultures of Dunaliella for the commercial production of β-carotene (Coesel et al. 2008).
The Azolia-Anabaena Symbiosis
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
Anabaena in the cavity develops in synchrony with cavity formation in the Azolla leaves. The filaments are undifferentiated in the plant apex, but their cells divide as leaf primordia develop.50 The depression in the adaxial surface becomes occupied by Anabaena from the apical colony, and after cavities have been formed the hair cells develop.50,51 Filaments of the apical colony are unable to fix nitrogen, but those isolated into leaf cavities progressively differentiate heterocysts and begin to fix nitrogen.52,53 The frequency of the heterocysts increases from zero at the stem apex to as high as 33% in the 15th leaf.52 Recently, Kaplan et al.54 have presented information on the total phycobiliprotein content (found also in heterocysts) as a function of leaf cavity and endophyte age. They have also determined adsorption and fluorescence spectra of the phycobiliproteins in individual vegetative cells and heterocysts from leaf cavities of different developmental stages in A. caroliniana and A. pinnata. Nitrogen fixation by the microsymbiont is highest in mature leaves and declines as the leaves begin senescence.
Nanoencapsulation of R-phycoerytrin extracted from Solieria filiformis improves protein stability and enables its biological application as a fluorescent dye
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Jéssica Roberta Pereira Martins, Antonia Livânia Linhares de Aguiar, Karina Alexandre Barros Nogueira, Acrisio José Uchôa Bastos Filho, Thais da Silva Moreira, Márjory Lima Holanda Araújo, Claudia Pessoa, Josimar O. Eloy, Ivanildo José da Silva Junior, Raquel Petrilli
Phycobiliproteins have open-chain tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups, which are covalently linked to cysteine residues of the protein by thioether bonds (Sun et al. 2004). R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) is a phycobiliprotein found in Rhodophytes algae and which gives the red colour. In the organisms, this pigment acts as antenna for light gathering and a nitrogen reservoir for growth in nitrogen-poor environmental conditions. R-PE is water soluble, presents 240 kDa molecular weight, has three absorption peaks at 498, 539, and 565 nm and fluorescence at 580 nm (Liu et al. 2005, Mittal et al. 2019). The purified R-PE pigment has four subunits with the following molecular weight: α subunit (18 kDa), β subunit (21 kDa), γ subunit (29 kDa), and γ′ subunit (27 kDa) (Nguyen et al. 2019).
C-Phycocyanin prevents acute myocardial infarction-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac damage
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Vanessa Blas-Valdivia, Daniela Nikita Moran-Dorantes, Placido Rojas-Franco, Margarita Franco-Colin, Neda Mirhosseini, Reza Davarnejad, Ahmad Halajisani, Omid Tavakoli, Edgar Cano-Europa
Therefore, it is necessary to develop new treatments to allow more time for revascularization procedures. The C-phycocyanin as a nutraceutical has a potential coadjutant role in the AMI treatment. C-Phycocyanin is a phycobiliprotein in cyanobacteria, which can assist the photosynthesis process. It has a deep and intense blue colour due to forming alpha (α) and beta (β) protein subunits with isomeric linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups (phycocyanobilin chromophore). C-Phycocyanin has been used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatment for its structure and pharmacological security, avoiding oxidative stress and cell damage (Romay et al. 2003). It has been reported as neuroprotective (Rimbau et al. 1999; Romay et al. 2003), nephroprotective (Rodríguez-Sánchez et al. 2012; Memije-Lazaro et al. 2018; Rojas-Franco et al. 2018, 2021), hepatoprotective (Sathyasaikumar et al. 2007; Ou et al. 2010), as well in fact the C-phycocyanin prevents oxidative stress and cell damage in vitro as the hypoxia model employing myoblast cell line H9c2 (Gao et al. 2019) or doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in adult ventricular cardiomyocyte culture (Khan, Varadharaj, Ganesan, et al. 2006). Moreover, an in vivo model of ischaemia/reperfusion with isolated rat hearts has also been studied (Khan, Varadharaj, Shobha, et al. 2006). One of the recent model advantages is the C-phycocyanin amount measurement while the major disadvantage is administration manner and the C-phycocyanin metabolism in the whole of organism physiological responses.
Characterization of planktonic and biofilm cells from two filamentous cyanobacteria using a shotgun proteomic approach
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Maria João Leal Romeu, Dany Domínguez-Pérez, Daniela Almeida, João Morais, Alexandre Campos, Vítor Vasconcelos, Filipe J. M. Mergulhão
Allophycocyanin is a protein from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and phycoerythrocyanin, which may be found in the phycobilisome core complex (Sonani et al. 2015). Although proteins related to allophycocyanin were found in three of the four biofilm conditions, a protein fragment of phycocyanin beta chain and an additional non-specific phycobilisome protein were identified in both cyanobacterial strains for biofilms formed at 40 s −1. Phycobilisomes are present in cyanobacteria and red algae and are formed by phycobiliproteins and also linker proteins (MacColl 1998). Allophycocyanin is considered an accessory pigment to chlorophyll and exhibits unique absorbance and fluorescence characteristics due to a lack of susceptibility to internal and external fluorescence quenching. Due to these features, allophycocyanin is ideal for highly sensitive studies such as flow cytometry and immunoassays (Manirafasha et al. 2016). Indeed, phycobiliproteins are regularly found in high abundance and they may constitute up to 50% of the total cellular protein of a cyanobacterium (Anderson et al. 2006). Previous proteomic studies with other cyanobacterial strains (Synechocystis PCC 6803) also identified proteins related to this phycobiliprotein family in their plasma membrane (Huang et al. 2002; Pisareva et al. 2007). In another study, which aimed to evaluate proteomic changes after heat shock in Synechocystis PCC 6803, a decreased expression level for phycobilisome was observed (Slabas et al. 2006).