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SARS-CoV-2 Morphology, Genomic Organisation and Lifecycle
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Srijan Goswami, Ushmita Gupta Bakshi
Envelope proteins or E-proteins are the smallest of all major structural proteins present on SARS-CoV-2. The major functions of the envelope protein are as follows:First, it helps in the assembly and release of viruses from host cells.Second, during the process of viral replication, it is largely located at the regions of intracellular trafficking, for example, near the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.It functions as a viroporin and self-assembles in host membranes forming pentameric protein-lipid pores that allow ion transport and plays a role in the induction of apoptosis (UniProtKB – P59637, n.d.).It is known to activate the host NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, leading to interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) overproduction.
Can baseline C-reactive protein level predict functional outcome in acute ischaemic stroke? A meta-analysis
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Ziyi Hu, Junyu Lai, Lisha Chen, Ying Yi, Renliang Li, Weimin Liao
Biomarkers may provide useful information to improve risk stratification of stroke (Ng et al.2017). There is great interest in identification of biomarkers that can accurately predict prognosis of AIS. Accumulating evidence suggests that ischaemic stroke is associated with systemic inflammatory response (Libby 2002, Chamorro 2004). Various inflammatory cytokines are under investigation as potential predictors of cardiovascular and functional outcome after AIS (Whiteley et al.2009). C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase pentameric protein, is significantly increased in inflammatory response. A previous meta-analysis (Yu et al.2019) has demonstrated that elevated baseline CRP level was independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality risk in patients with AIS. Nevertheless, the association of CRP level with functional outcome was not assessed in this well-designed meta-analysis. Apart from all-cause mortality outcome, a number of studies (Hertog 2009, Tsai et al.2012, Gong et al.2013, Matsuo 2016, Wang et al.2016) also investigated the association between CRP level and functional outcome in patients with AIS. However, studies (Karlinski et al.2014, Huţanu et al.2018, Irimie et al.2018) on the values of elevated CRP level for predicting functional outcome in AIS have yielded controversial findings. These conflicting results may result from the different study design, time of blood sampling, and follow-up duration.
The prognostic value of modified Glasgow prognostic score in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer: a Meta-analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Yan Wang, Lu Chen, Yanming Wu, Pengfei Li, Guowei Che
A large number of the studies described the crucial role of systemic inflammatory factors in the progression of cancer by many cellular mechanisms, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy (4, 29–31). CRP is a pentameric protein synthesized by the liver, whose level rise in response to inflammation (32). Univariate analysis revealed that high CRP was significant risk factors for a poor prognosis (33). On the other hand, serum albumin modulates the inflammatory reaction by many of the physiological functions such as its capacity to bind lipopolysaccharide and other bacterial products (lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan), reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and other nitrogen reactive species, and prostaglandins (34). Insufficient serum albumin recovery was correlated with the systemic postoperative inflammatory response and a poor prognosis (35). The mGPS was calculated by the CRP and serum albumin levels as follows: patients with elevated CRP levels (>1.0 mg/dl) and hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dl) were allocated a score of 2; patients with elevated CRP levels (>1.0 mg/dl) only were allocated a score of 1; and patients with normal CRP levels (≤1.0 mg/dl) and any albumin concentration were allocated a score of 0 (36). Considering these reasons, we carried out this meta-analysis to verify the prognostic value of baseline mGPS in patients with ESCC.
Predictability of CRP and D-Dimer levels for in-hospital outcomes and mortality of COVID-19
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Waqas Ullah, Nishanth Thalambedu, Shujaul Haq, Rehan Saeed, Shristi Khanal, Shafaq Tariq, Sohaib Roomi, John Madara, Margot Boigon, Donald C. Haas, David L. Fischman
CRP is a protein discovered in the 1930s by Tillett and Francis and is an acute phase reactant. It is a pentameric protein which is synthesized by the liver under the action of cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). A very high level of CRP >50 mg/dL is mostly associated with bacterial infections but elevated levels are also seen in injuries, cardiovascular processes and other inflammatory states. Elevated CRP levels not only suggest a pro-inflammatory state but also can be used as a prognostic marker for the underlying disease processes [1].