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The institutionalisation of midwives
Published in Nadia Maria Filippini, Clelia Boscolo, Pregnancy, Delivery, Childbirth, 2020
This resulted in an ambivalent public enhancement of motherhood: on the one hand, in fact, women’s reproductive function was extolled and protected; on the other, as we shall see, it was charged with responsibility and subjected to new forms of discipline. Frank expressed it in the following terms: The female sex deserves veneration and all possible consideration in a condition through which the whole is maintained by the daily replenishment of new world citizens, the development of all states promoted and individual families perpetuated. A good police, thus, must be watchful for the sake of this most necessary class of persons, maintain them in their good state and respect and protect them. The police must use all possibilities to see that all matters, evident and even unobtrusive, are vigorously removed through which the great work of procreating our posterity, and thus our population, may be weakened or even smothered. Therefore, the police must use real paternal care to avert the dangers which threaten mother or child, or both together, so that every woman in her blessed state may attain her aim joyfully and in comforting security.(Frank [1779] 1976: 70)
Religion and Morals
Published in R.J. Morris, Cholera 1832, 1976
The Bishop and his canons were expected to stay and do their duty as part of the local ruling class, providing paternal care and leadership to the community in times of crisis, especially, as Barnes was painfully aware, because local radicals were eager to take the chance of attacking a Bishop who had voted against the Reform Bill.
Implication of core beliefs about negative-self in neuroticism
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2020
Koichi Otani, Akihito Suzuki, Yoshihiko Matsumoto, Toshinori Shirata, Keisuke Noto, Muneaki Kanno
Core beliefs about negative-self are beliefs about self-deficiencies in basic issues for humans such as survival and attachment (Clark et al. 1999; Dozois and Beck 2006). These core beliefs are expressed in brief and definite statements such as ‘I am weak’ and ‘I am unloved’. Core beliefs about negative-self are believed to develop at an early stage of development as a result of negative interactions with significant others such as parents (Clark et al. 1999). This contention is supported by our recent study (Otani et al. 2018a) showing that these negative core beliefs are associated with perceptions of dysfunctional parenting, especially high maternal protection and low paternal care. Core beliefs about negative-self, as well as those about positive-self, negative-other and positive-other, are reliably measured by the Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS) (Fowler et al. 2006). Our studies suggest that core beliefs about negative-self give rise to negative self-schemas (aka, dysfunctional attitudes) about achievement, dependency and self-control (Otani et al. 2017) and sociotropic self-schemas (Otani et al. 2018b), which are well-known cognitive vulnerabilities to depression (Clark et al. 1999; Dozois and Beck 2006). Therefore, these core beliefs are considered to be the central construct of negative cognitive organisation.