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Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Derived from Marine Macroalgae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin, David W. Morton
Oxylipins are bioactive lipid metabolites, oxidized derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that function as tissue hormones in mammals but also as central hormones in plants. The oxylipin pathway is initiated by the formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides, either by oxidation catalyzed by enzymes, such as COX, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450, or by chemical (auto) oxidation induced by free radicals and ROS (Harwood 2019). The PUFA precursors for oxylipins synthesis are derived from the diet, or through the elongation and desaturation of essential fatty acids, released from membranes by lipase activity.
Marine-Derived Aspergillus
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
V Janakiraman, KG Monisha, V Ramakrishnan, Shiek SSJ Ahmed
Some algae species possess a special ability to transform polyunsaturated fatty acids; for example, arachidonic acids are converted to eicosanoids and oxylipins. For the maintenance of homeostasis, arachidonic derivatives play a major role in mammal organization, along with metabolite production occurring in diseases such as ulcers, heart disease, psoriasis, asthma, cancer, and arteriosclerosis.
Microalgae and Cyanobacteria as a Potential Source of Anticancer Compounds
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Some diatoms are known to produce the teratogenic compounds polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) that induce abortions, birth defects, poor development and high offspring mortality in predatory planktonic and benthic invertebrates (Leflaive and Ten-Hage 2009). Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) play an important role as an allelopathic agent to outcompete other phytoplankton or to reduce herbivory in some environments (Cózar et al. 2018). The PUA are the end products of the lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase pathway, which is triggered due to damage of algal cells, as occurs through grazing by predators (Fontana et al. 2007). Cell damage activates lipase enzymes, which release polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from cell membranes that are immediately oxidized and cleaved to form PUA and a variety of other compounds collectively known as oxylipins (Pohnert 2005; Fontana et al. 2007).
Distinct maternal amino acids and oxylipins predict infant fat mass and fat-free mass indices
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Monika Riederer, Marlies Wallner, Natascha Schweighofer, Bianca Fuchs-Neuhold, Anna Rath, Andrea Berghold, Katharina Eberhard, Andrea Groselj-Strele, Wolfgang Staubmann, Marie Peterseil, Irmgard Waldner, Johannes A. Mayr, Michael Rothe, Sandra Holasek, Susanne Maunz, Elisabeth Pail, Moenie van der Kleyn
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors of oxylipins including eicosanoids and similar mediators (as docosanoids). Eicosanoids are a large family of signalling molecules derived by enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of long-chain-PUFA as, for example, 20-carbon arachidonic acid (ARA), whereas the family of docosanoids is derived from 22-carbon fatty acids as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Several studies already suggested a relationship between eicosanoids and anthropometric measures as BC. In adults, urinary isoprostanes have been associated with waist circumference (Costabile et al.2015), prostacyclin is involved in the regulation of adipose tissue development and remodelling (Rahman 2019), and serum prostaglandin E2 was shown to be associated with obesity, anthropometric parameters and fat (re)distribution in several groups of patients (Hulgan et al.2014, Le et al.2017, Ozen et al.2019). Importantly, also in the postnatal phase, breast milk levels of eicosanoids were recently described to be associated with early weight gain in preterm neonates (Alexandre-Gouabau et al.2018).
Standardizing and increasing the utility of lipidomics: a look to the next decade
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Yuqin Wang, Eylan Yutuc, William J Griffiths
Oxylipins, including eicosanoids, can exist as free acids or as components of complex lipids. In an impressive study based on UHPLC-MS/MS Wang et al were able to monitor the levels of about 140 free oxylipins from only 20 µL of human plasma [33]. To do this a targeted approach was employed both to sample preparation, exploiting solid phase extraction (SPE), and MS/MS utilizing time-defined multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). To achieve quantitative data the ‘gold standard’ isotope labeling approach was followed where isotope-labeled internal standards were added to correct for analyte loss and provide MS/MS response factors. As only 26 deuterated standards were available, strictly speaking this provided absolute quantification for only the corresponding non-deuterated endogenous analytes, but it was possible to use these internal standards to quantify other analytes by generation of standard curves using commercially available non-labeled pure standards.
Customized Prevention Trials Could Resolve the Controversy of the Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Karam El-Bayoumy, Andrea Manni
Preclinically, a generally held view is that n-6FA promotes tumor development because AA-derived metabolites, collectively named oxylipins have proinflammatory and proangiogenic effects (23). n-3FA are thought to protect from cancer because they are substrates for the same metabolic enzymes used by n-6FA, thus suppressing the formation of the protumorigenic n-6FA-derived oxylipins. Furthermore, n-3FA-derived oxylipins have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties, which provide additional protection against carcinogenesis. Metabolism of FAs is mediated by the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and the less investigated, but important, cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, three distinct but also overlapping pathways that lead to the formation of multiple oxylipins with profound cellular effects (27–29). Equally important are the catabolic pathways, such as prostaglandin dehydrogenase and soluble epoxide hydrolase, which convert certain oxylipins to less biologically active metabolites.